The challenge of hate speech online

Reed, Chris

doi:10.1080/13600830902812202

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Harmful communication of this sort often falls under the banner of “hate speech.” Legally speaking, instances of hate speech is constituted by two fundamental elements. First, “they require the defendant to have incited hatred” (Reed, 2009, p. 79). In addition, “that incitement must be directed against identifiable groups (or individuals belonging to such a group) which are defined by an attribute which merits special protection,” such as “race, color, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation” (Nockleby, 2000, p. 1277; Reed, 2009, p. 79).…”

Section: Hate Speech and Abuse Both Off And Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, “they require the defendant to have incited hatred” (Reed, 2009, p. 79). In addition, “that incitement must be directed against identifiable groups (or individuals belonging to such a group) which are defined by an attribute which merits special protection,” such as “race, color, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation” (Nockleby, 2000, p. 1277; Reed, 2009, p. 79). Such groups merit protection from hate speech because inflammatory rhetoric has “historically led to their oppression” (Nockleby, 2000, p. 1278).…”

Section: Hate Speech and Abuse Both Off And Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advent of the Internet has opened up new avenues for inciting hatred against identifiable groups (Reed, 2009, p. 79). Online, hate speech manifests with much the same tone and toxicity as it does in non‐digital contexts, but in the form of user‐generated content such as posts.…”

Section: Hate Speech and Abuse Both Off And Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gatekeepers of toxicity: Reconceptualizing Twitter's abuse and hate speech policies

Konikoff

2021

Policy & Internet

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Twitter has become the platform of choice for journalists, politicians, and citizens because of the ways that it encourages expression, participation, and debate. In recent years, however, Twitter's “zeal for free speech” has turned the platform into a breeding ground for abuse, harassment, and hate speech. Through a discourse analysis of Twitter's policies, rules, and enforcement guidelines, this project asks (1) What role do Twitter's policies, rules, and terms of service play in instances where Twitter does not successfully address online abuse, hate speech, and harassment? and (2) What role does Twitter's technological architecture play in both propagating or preventing online hate speech and abuse? By invoking traditional and contemporary gatekeeping theories, theories of deterrence, and responsibilization, this paper will demonstrate that Twitter's policies perpetuate abuse and hateful conduct by splitting the gatekeeping role between the platform and its users. The study sheds light on the blind spots in Twitter's policies, such as their permissive free speech rhetoric and their nondeterrent enforcement options, to provide an empirical basis for how Twitter can detoxify user experience through revisions to the platform's policy framework.

show abstract

Section: Hate Speech and Abuse Both Off And Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hate Speech and Abuse Both Off And Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gatekeepers of toxicity: Reconceptualizing Twitter's abuse and hate speech policies

Konikoff

2021

Policy & Internet

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cyber hate represents a global movement based on prejudiced hatred. The prejudice is directed at targets who have distinct attribute characteristics (Reed, 2009). This condition creates a dichotomy in cyberhate boundaries, namely the more regulation or more speech approach (Cacas, 1998;Nemes, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Discourse of Cyber Hate in Indonesia: The Potential Transition from Hate to Crime

Nurhadiyanto¹,

Meliala²,

Sulhin³

2023

jsp

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The dynamics of hate crime have changed as a result of digital media. The emergence of cyberhate waves is one of the manifestations of cyberspace within the context of hate crime. The purpose of this study is to present a social discussion about cyberhate in Indonesia as a sign of the transition from hatred to crime. A qualitative approach is used in this study. These diverse backgrounds serve as the foundation for this study, which aims to investigate the typology of cyber haters in Indonesia, particularly how perpetrators undergo transformation. In other words, the reconstruction of this research problem's background is rooted in the evolution of hate crime, which has undergone changes and encroachments on digital platforms. Cyber haters are one of the slices of the Indonesian study of cyber crime that has not received a special portion. Aside from that, the socio-political context of society influences the dynamics of cyber haters in Indonesia. The internalization of prejudice experienced by perpetrators and its implementation in supportive situations and conditions are inextricably linked to the escalation of cyber hate. Because different types of data are not only part of how social processes are built in qualitative research, but they are also artifacts. Opportunities to access data in greater depth are unique features found in the analysis of cyber haters in Indonesia. The three formulations of the problem indicate that cyber hate is a type of power imbalance that has the potential to cause differences in the definition of crime. Apart from the social form and social action associated with it, cyber hate has a relatively large impact.

show abstract

“…Hate speech is a subtype of harmful speech (Leets, 2002), which is broadly defined as speech that is either intended by the producers or it is perceived by the receivers to cause damage (Leets & Giles, 1999). Even though there is legislation against hate speech, it is worth mentioning that not any form of hate speech can and should be retaliated against by means of law enforcement (Reed, 2009). Indeed, when analyzing hate speech, and, by extension, when determining its magnitude, there are at least four elements that need to be taken into consideration: the content, the producers, the receivers and the context (Angi & Badescu 2014).…”

Section: Introduction: Hate Speech As a Form Of Expression On The Intmentioning

confidence: 99%

Religion-Based User Generated Content in Online Newspapers Covering the Colectiv Nightclub Fire

Răileanu

2016

Ro. Comm. & PR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

<p>The high degree of interactivity of the Internet, combined with the almost ubiquitous presence of forums on online media publications, has offered everybody the possibility to express their opinions and beliefs on websites. This paper uses content analysis to examine the religion-based comments that were posted on 8 Romanian mainstream news websites in reply to articles regarding a fire that broke out during a rock concert in Bucharest, killing over 50 people and injuring more than 100. The analysis also included the answers to these comments. Among the findings, we have discovered that the highest percentage of religion-based comments made some type of reference to Satanism and that very few of them expressed compassion towards the victims. On the other hand, counter-speech strategies managed to halt hate speech in almost half of the cases where they were employed. However, personal attacks against religion-based commentators were the most commonly used form of counter-speech, contributing to an unfriendly climate on the forums.</p>

show abstract

The challenge of hate speech online

Abstract: Real-world hate speech crimes are defined by reference to the special attributes of the victim. A thought experiment about hate speech in virtual worlds indicates that this approach to the criminalisation of hate speech may not be sustainable.

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Gatekeepers of toxicity: Reconceptualizing Twitter's abuse and hate speech policies

Gatekeepers of toxicity: Reconceptualizing Twitter's abuse and hate speech policies

Social Discourse of Cyber Hate in Indonesia: The Potential Transition from Hate to Crime

Religion-Based User Generated Content in Online Newspapers Covering the Colectiv Nightclub Fire

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About