The CESR multi-mission radiation monitor

Boër, M.; Naya, J. E.; Chabaud, J. P.; Ehanno, M.; Rouaix, G.; Baiget, A.; Ecoffet, R.; Labrunee, M.; Calvel, P.; Reveret, P.

doi:10.1109/23.489247

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The rear part of each camera that contains the CCDs and the cooling system is different in construction for the MOS (figure 1) and PN cameras. EPIC also includes the EPIC Radiation Monitor System, to record the ambient proton and electron flux (Boër et al, 1995). It provides warning of a radiation flux increase to provide for automatic shut down of the instrument.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS cameras

Turner

Abbey

Arnaud

et al. 2001

A&A

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1,959

529

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Abstract. The EPIC focal plane imaging spectrometers on XMM-Newton use CCDs to record the images and spectra of celestial X-ray sources focused by the three X-ray mirrors. There is one camera at the focus of each mirror; two of the cameras contain seven MOS CCDs, while the third uses twelve PN CCDs, defining a circular field of view of 30 diameter in each case. The CCDs were specially developed for EPIC, and combine high quality imaging with spectral resolution close to the Fano limit. A filter wheel carrying three kinds of X-ray transparent light blocking filter, a fully closed, and a fully open position, is fitted to each EPIC instrument. The CCDs are cooled passively and are under full closed loop thermal control. A radio-active source is fitted for internal calibration. Data are processed on-board to save telemetry by removing cosmic ray tracks, and generating X-ray event files; a variety of different instrument modes are available to increase the dynamic range of the instrument and to enable fast timing. The instruments were calibrated using laboratory X-ray beams, and synchrotron generated monochromatic X-ray beams before launch; in-orbit calibration makes use of a variety of celestial X-ray targets. The current calibration is better than 10% over the entire energy range of 0.2 to 10 keV. All three instruments survived launch and are performing nominally in orbit. In particular full field-of-view coverage is available, all electronic modes work, and the energy resolution is close to pre-launch values. Radiation damage is well within pre-launch predictions and does not yet impact on the energy resolution. The scientific results from EPIC amply fulfil pre-launch expectations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS cameras

Turner

Abbey

Arnaud

et al. 2001

A&A

Self Cite

1,959

529

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show abstract

“…The bulk of the outliers from the general trend can again be identified with SEP events which have been excluded from the analysis adopting the same methodology used for the MOS2 data explained in Sect.2. There is an instrument on board XMM-Newton that registers the total count rate and basic spectral information of the background generating radiation, it is the EPIC Radiation Monitor (ERM) (Boer et al 1995). Its main objective is to issue a warning when the intensity of the radiation exceeds a certain level in order to trigger the shutdown of the scientific instruments and protect them from high levels of radiation.…”

Section: Chandra Rejected High Energy Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin of the unfocused XMM-Newton background, its variability and lessons learned for ATHENA

Gastaldello,

Marelli,

Molendi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We analyzed the unexposed to the sky (outFOV) region of the MOS2 detector on board XMM-Newton covering 15 years of data amounting to 255 Ms. We show convincing evidence that the origin of the unfocused background in XMM-Newton is due to energetic protons, electrons and hard X-ray photons. Galactic Cosmic Rays are the main contributors as shown by the tight correlation (2.6 % of total scatter) with 1 GeV protons data of the SOHO EPHIN detector. Tight correlations are found with a proxy of the Chandra background rate, revealing the common source of background for detectors in similar orbits, and with the data of the EPIC Radiation Monitor (ERM), only when excluding Solar Energetic Particles events (SEPs).The entrance to the outer electron belts is associated to a sudden increase in the outFOV MOS2 rate and a spectral change. These facts support the fact that MeV electrons can generate an unfocused background signal.The correlation between MOS2 outFOV data and the SOHO EPHIN data reveals a term constant in time and isotropic similar to the one found in the study of the pn data. The most plausible origin of this component is hard unfocused X-ray photons of the Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) Compton-scattering in the detector as supported by the strength of the signal in the two detectors with different thicknesses.Based on this physical understanding a particle radiation monitor on board ATHENA has been proposed and it is currently under study. It will be able to track different species with the necessary accuracy and precision to guarantee the challenging requirement of 2% reproducibility of the background.

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“…The INTEGRAL Radiation Environment Monitor, IREM (Hajdas et al, 2003) and the XMM-Newton European Photon Imaging Camera Radiation Monitor, EPIC RM or ERM (Boër et al, 1995) gather in-situ radiation data continuously along the spacecraft's orbit. Remarkably, not only have these two spacecraft gathered more than 16 years of contemporaneous radiation measurements, but as is shown in Figure 1, their orbits scan different parts of the VAB and are thus complementary in increasing the coverage of the belts.…”

Section: The Radiation Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data-driven modelling of the Van Allen Belts: The 5DRBM model for trapped electrons

Métrailler

Bélanger

Kretschmar

et al. 2019

Advances in Space Research

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The magnetosphere sustained by the rotation of the Earth's liquid iron core traps charged particles, mostly electrons and protons, into structures referred to as the Van Allen belts. These radiation belts, in which the density of charged energetic particles can be very destructive for sensitive instrumentation, have to be crossed on every orbit of satellites traveling in elliptical orbits around the Earth, as is the case for ESA's INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton missions. This paper presents the first working version of the 5DRBM-e model, a global, data-driven model of the radiation belts for trapped electrons. The model is based on in-situ measurements of electrons by the radiation monitors on board the INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton satellites along their long elliptical orbits for respectively 16 and 19 years of operations. This model, in its present form, features the integral flux for trapped electrons within energies ranging from 0.7 to 1.75 MeV. Cross-validation of the 5DRBM-e with the well-known AE8min/max and AE9mean models for a low eccentricity GPS orbit shows excellent agreement, and demonstrates that the new model can be used to provide reliable predictions along widely different orbits around Earth for the purpose of designing, planning, and operating satellites with more accurate instrument safety margins. Future work will include extending the model based on electrons of different energies and proton radiation measurement data.

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The CESR multi-mission radiation monitor

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS cameras

The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS cameras

The origin of the unfocused XMM-Newton background, its variability and lessons learned for ATHENA

Data-driven modelling of the Van Allen Belts: The 5DRBM model for trapped electrons

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