The cervical sympathetic rami and the vertebral plexus in the human fetus

Kimmel, Donald L.

doi:10.1002/cne.901120113

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The stellate ganglion is noted to connect to the ventral rami of C8 and T1 and in this figure, the vertebral nerve passes between the stellate ganglion and the ventral ramus of C7. Kimmel (1959) examined 10 fetuses and found divided ascending gray rami communicans to C6 and C7 spinal nerves passing cephalad along the vertebral artery. Sometimes, this author found fibers from the C8 spinal nerve also contributing to this so-called vertebral nerve.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Christensen et al (1952), in the cat, distinguished the sympathetically derived vertebral nerve from the vertebral artery plexus, which was deemed derived from ''other sources. '' Kimmel (1959) found that the vertebral nerve arose from the stellate ganglia in all human fetuses that he examined. This author also found consistent meningeal branches of the vertebral nerve present at the 5th through 7th cervical levels.…”

Section: Stated Thatmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Hoffman and Kuntz (1957) have also included the ansa subclavia as a potential source of the vertebral nerve. Kimmel (1959) has identified the vertebral nerve in the 47 mm long fetus, and Skoog (1947) found sympathetic ganglia along this structure. However, Bogduk et al (1981) in their study found no entity that warranted the distinction of a vertebral nerve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The vertebral nerve revisited

et al. 2007

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There is significant paucity in the literature regarding the vertebral nerve. Moreover, descriptions of this structure are conflicting. To evaluate further the anatomy and potential clinical significance of this structure, 10 fresh adult cadavers (20 sides) underwent dissection and macroscopic observation of this structure. All specimens were found to have a vertebral nerve that originated from the stellate ganglion with the exception of two left sides (10%) in which this nerve arose from the inferior cervical ganglion. This nerve ascended posteromedial to the vertebral artery. The vertebral nerve was found to be, in essence, a long and deep gray ramus communicans that connected most commonly the stellate ganglia to C6 or C7 spinal nerves by passing through the C6 and C7 transverse foramina. Fifteen percent of sides were found to have a vertebral nerve that was plexiform in its configuration. Fifty percent were found to have very small branches that entered the fibrous capsule of adjacent zygapophyseal and intervertebral joints. Some specimens were noted to have meningeal branches of the vertebral nerve. Based on our observations, the vertebral nerve is simply a deep ramus communicans, which often provides articular and meningeal branches to the adjacent spine. As neck pain is a significant reason for physician office visits, additional knowledge of the nerves innervating the joints and adjacent meninges of the neck could be important for both surgical and medical blockade of nerve fibers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stated Thatmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The vertebral nerve revisited

et al. 2007

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“…From the vertebral artery in the posterior cranial fossa, sensory fibers have been traced to the dorsal root ganglion of C1 [14].…”

Section: C1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervicogenic headache: Anatomic basis and pathophysiologic mechanisms

Bogduk

2001

Current Science Inc

226

172

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Cervicogenic headache is pain perceived in the head but referred from a primary source in the cervical spine. The physiologic basis for this pain is convergence between trigeminal afferents and afferents from the upper three cervical spinal nerves. The possible sources of cervicogenic headache lie in the structures innervated by the C1 to C3 spinal nerves, and include the upper cervical synovial joints, the upper cervical muscles, the C2-3 disc, the vertebral and internal carotid arteries, and the dura mater of the upper spinal cord and posterior cranial fossa. Experiments in normal volunteers have established that the cervical muscles and joints can be sources of headache.

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“…Well-defined vertebral nerves were being described by many authors. 16,17,18 Ansa Subclavia Two or more cords are seen connecting MCG/ VG to ICG. The anterior cord, ansa subclavia descends down looping the first part of the subclavian artery in close contact with the cervical pleura.…”

Section: Vertebral Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Inferior Cervical Ganglion and Stellate Ganglion- Concepts Revisited

Raveendran¹,

Kamalamma²

2018

jemds

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BACKGROUND Awareness of the regional anatomy of the cervical sympathetic chain may help the surgeons in identifying and preserving this structure during related surgical procedures. Care must be taken by the spinal surgeon to protect the chain and its branches, while dissecting the longus colli muscle especially in the root of neck for anterior spinal surgeries. 1 The present study aims to define the lower two ganglia, i.e. inferior cervical ganglion and stellate ganglion by tracing their vascular relations, dimensions and branches. The frequency of occurrence of these ganglia, which is surgically significant is also studied. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was descriptive, done in 50 cervical sympathetic chains by bilateral neck dissection of 25 adult cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. The superior cervical ganglion (SCG), inferior cervical ganglion (ICG), stellate ganglion (SG) and the intermediate ganglia were carefully dissected out and studied. RESULTSSCG was seen in 100% cases, middle inferior ganglion (MCG) in 44%, vertebral ganglion (VG) in 72%, ICG in 72% cases and stellate ganglion in 28% chains. The branches arising from the ganglia were Gray rami communicantes (GRC), vascular branches and medial visceral branches. Vertebral nerve from ICG was present in 4% cases and from stellate in 2% cases. CONCLUSIONIn the lower part of cervical sympathetic chain, ICG is more frequently present than SG. KEYWORDSCervical Sympathetic Chain, Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia, Inferior Cervical Ganglion, Stellate Ganglion, Vertebral Nerve. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Raveendran VL, Kamalamma GK. Inferior cervical ganglion and stellate ganglion-concepts revisited. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2018;7(13):1653-1658, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2018/373 BACKGROUND The cervical sympathetic chain lies ventral to the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae and dorsal to the carotid vessels. It extends from the base of the skull to the level of the neck of first rib, where it continues as the thoracic sympathetic chain. The classical chain was described as having 3 ganglion masses named as superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion and inferior cervical ganglion or cervico-thoracic ganglion. The varying frequency of occurrence of ICG and SG is mentioned in the previous studies, leaving a questionable concept that will the ICG and first thoracic ganglion almost universally fused to form the stellate ganglion.The ganglia in the cervical region were named as "ganglion cervical medium" and "ganglion cervicothoracicum" or "ganglion stellatum" in the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee [Nomina Anatomica, Paris (1955)]. The term "inferior cervical ganglion" had been discarded in Nomina Anatomica and was justified by the fact that the "inferior cervical ganglion" appeared only exceptionally as an independent formation. 2 'Financial or Other Competing Interest': None. Submission 17-02-2018, Peer Review 12-03-2018, Acceptance 19-03-2018, Published 26-03-2018. Corresponding...

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The cervical sympathetic rami and the vertebral plexus in the human fetus

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

The vertebral nerve revisited

The vertebral nerve revisited

Cervicogenic headache: Anatomic basis and pathophysiologic mechanisms

Inferior Cervical Ganglion and Stellate Ganglion- Concepts Revisited

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