The Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Modulates Gut‐Related Neurons in the Dorsal Vagal Complex in Rats

Zhang, Xueguo; Cui, Jinjuan; Tan, Zhenjun; Jiang, Chunhui; Fogel, Ronald

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045906

Cited by 31 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Of note, the three amphibian orders possess telencephalospinal projections arising from similar regions, suggesting a common feature of amphibians (ten Donkelaar et al, 1982;Sá nchez-Camacho et al, 2001). Amygdalospinal projections have also been found in reptiles (Follett, 1989, Siemen andKü nzle, 1994) and, in mammals, the central amygdaloid nucleus provides autonomic control in the spinal cord via direct descending projections (Zhang et al, 2003). Therefore, the CeA-spinal pathway seems to be a primitive feature shared by tetrapods.…”

Section: Connectivity Of the Cea In Anuransmentioning

confidence: 95%

Central amygdala in anuran amphibians: Neurochemical organization and connectivity

Moreno

González

2005

J. Comp. Neurol.

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The evolution of the amygdaloid complex in tetrapods is currently under debate on the basis of new neurochemical, hodological, and gene expression data. The anuran amygdaloid complex, in particular, is being examined in an effort to establish putative homologies with amniotes. The lateral and medial amygdala, comparable to their counterparts in amniotes, have recently been identified in anurans. In the present study we characterized the autonomic portion of the anuran amygdala, the central amygdala (CeA). First, the distribution of several neuronal markers (substance P, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and nitric oxide synthase) was analyzed. The localization of immunoreactive cells, primarily nitrergic cells, and the topographically arranged fiber labeling for all markers characteristically identified the CeA. Subsequently, the afferent and efferent connections of the CeA were investigated by means of in vivo and in vitro tracing techniques with dextran amines. The anuran CeA was revealed as the main component of the amygdaloid autonomic system, showing important connections with brainstem centers such as the parabrachial nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Only scarce CeA-hypothalamic projections were observed, whereas bidirectional connections between the CeA and the lateral and medial amygdala were abundant. The present neurochemical and hodological results support the homology of the anuran CeA with its counterpart in amniotes and strengthen the idea of a conserved amygdaloid organization in the evolution of tetrapods.

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Section: Connectivity Of the Cea In Anuransmentioning

confidence: 95%

Central amygdala in anuran amphibians: Neurochemical organization and connectivity

Moreno

González

2005

J. Comp. Neurol.

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“…Sensory signals from the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other systems (see the section on the NTS) are delivered to the NST; subsequently efferent signals arising within the NTS are relayed to various brain regions. The axonal projections from the NTS to the hypothalamus and limbic regions is said to modulate behavioral arousal, and coordinate endocrine [268][269][270][271][272][273] and behavioral responses to stress (including infection and inflammation) [272,273]. The potential physiological significance of these connections and mechanisms is immense in terms of central control of a vast array of functions.…”

Section: Disparate Afferent(s) and The Nts-mediated Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysfunctional Nucleus Tractus Solitarius: Its Crucial Role in Promoting Neuropathogentic Cascade of Alzheimer’s Dementia—A Novel Hypothesis

Daulatzai

2012

Neurochem Res

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The pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) still remain unclear, and no disease-modifying or prophylactic therapies are currently available. Unraveling the fundamental neuropathogenesis of AD is an important challenge. Several studies on AD have suggested lesions in a number of CNS areas including the basal forebrain, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdale/insula, and the locus coeruleus. However, plausible unifying studies on the upstream factors that involve these heterogeneous regions and herald the onset of AD pathogenesis are not available. The current article presents a novel nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) vector hypothesis that underpins several disparate biological mechanisms and neural circuits, and identifies relevant hallmarks of major presumptive causative factor(s) linked to the NTS, in older/aging individuals. Aging, obesity, infection, sleep apnea, smoking, neuropsychological states, and hypothermia-all activate inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. The synergistic impact of systemic proinflammatory mediators activates microglia and promotes neuroinflammation. Acutely, the innate immune response is protective defending against pathogens/toxins; however, when chronic, it causes neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction, particularly in brainstem and neocortex. The NTS in the brainstem is an essential multiple signaling hub, and an extremely important central integration site of baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and a multitude of sensory afferents from gustatory, gastrointestinal, cardiac, pulmonary, and upper airway systems. Owing to persistent neuroinflammation, the dysfunctional NTS exerts deleterious impact on nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, hypoglossal, parabrachial, locus coeruleus and many key nuclei in the brainstem, and the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, insula, and basal forebrain in the neocortex. The neuronal and synaptic dysfunction emanating from the inflamed NTS may affect its interconnected pathways impacting almost the entire CNS--which is already primed by neuroinflammation, thus promoting cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The upstream factors discussed here may underpin the neuropathopgenesis of AD. AD pathology is multifactorial; the current perspective underscores the value of attenuating disparate upstream factors--in conjunction with anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-oxidant pharmacotherapy. Amelioration of the NTS pathology may be of central importance in countering the neuropathological cascade of AD. The NTS, therefore, may be a potential target of novel therapeutic strategies.

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“…Electrical activity of individual neurons can be recorded using both glass micro electrodes filled with conductive solutions (Zhang and Fogel, 2002;Zhang et al, 2003) and insulated microwire electrodes. Simultaneous recording of multiple individual neurons require bundling of multiple microelectrodes together to make an array.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Modulates Gut‐Related Neurons in the Dorsal Vagal Complex in Rats

Cited by 31 publications

References 47 publications

Central amygdala in anuran amphibians: Neurochemical organization and connectivity

Central amygdala in anuran amphibians: Neurochemical organization and connectivity

Dysfunctional Nucleus Tractus Solitarius: Its Crucial Role in Promoting Neuropathogentic Cascade of Alzheimer’s Dementia—A Novel Hypothesis

Measurement of neuronal activity of individual neurons after stroke in the rat using a microwire electrode array

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