The Central Nervous System of Chameleon Vulgaris

Abstract

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CHAMELEON VULGARIS work of HUBER and CROSBY ('26, figs. I .to 3) it is evident this bulb is more microsmatic than the paired bulbs of the duck, the chicken, the dove, or the parakeet. The sparrow bulb is unpaired but even it has more cellular differentiation than the ,Chameleon bulb. The fibres of the bulb are unmyelinated and without silver impregnations I am unable to analyze them.The centers of the ventro-median wall such as the nucleus septomedialis ( fig. 2), the nucleus septo-lateralis ( figs. 2, 3), and the nucleus of the diagonal band of BROCA ( fig. 2) are similar to those found in other reptiles, CROSBY ('17, Alligator), CAIRNEY ('26, Sphenodon). Although there is a fair sized anterior commissure it does not have an accompanying nucleus as found in previously described reptiles. Both a nucleus of the anterior pallial commissure ( fig. 3), pim.hiP. and a nucleus of the posterior pallial commissure (figs. 4, 15, 16) were found similar to those found by CAIRNEY ('26, Sphenodon).'Following KAPPERS ('21), I am using the terms paleostriatum, neostriatum, and archistriatum, for I consider that these terms indicate the Fig. I . This and the sucphylogenetic significance of these areas. ceeding drawings up to and Puleostriatum (figs. 2, 3, 13, 29, 33, 34). This including fig. 12 are all in the transverse plane, and area includes the ventro-lateral small celled area, the stained with hematoxylin ventro-lateral large celled area, and the intermedioand eosin. All of these are from the same animal and lateral area. The paleostriatum is not sharply thick, ~1 1 drawings were limited from the nucleus olfactorius anterior outlined with a Spencer projection apparatus. This rostrally, medially it is in contact with fibres to figure shows the entrance the medial forebrain bundle and dorso-medially it of the olfactory bulb and the rostral part of the hemispheres. X 20. RICHTER ('24) on the alligator brain. CROSBY ('17) calls the dorsal area of the Alligator general cortex though not in the sense of a localized pattern. ELLIOT SMITH ('10) and CAIRNEY ('26) consider this area not a true neopallium but rather represents a process of differentiation in that direc-tr rkol sh. tnt rentiation of a general nyc dur lot,M ,kol a p . gnt. lar. p a s inf nW pr,rmt, Iryp,rotundus. X 20.

An Experimental Re-Evaluation of the Primary Visual System of the European Chameleon, <i>Chamaeleo chameleon</i>

“…Our findings considerably amplify those of Ramon [1896] and Shanklin [1930Shanklin [ , 1933 in chameleons. While Shanklin recognized the major subdivisions of the optic tract in this reptile, he identified only two primary visual centers; the superficial layers of the optic tectum and n. opticus tegmenti.…”

“…On the other hand, little information is available con cerning the visual system of chameleons. If the studies of Ramon [1896] and Shanklin [1930Shanklin [ , 1933 provide some data about the targets of optic libers, those of RochonDuvigneaud [ 1943] and Amiengol et al [ 1988], concerning the organization of the retina, are fragmentary. In addition to these anatomical investigations, three clectrophysiological studies have been devoted to the analysis of the oculo motor movements [Flanders, 1985[Flanders, , 1988Bennis et al" 1990c: Ariel and Rosenberg.…”

“…Shanklin's [1930Shanklin's [ . 1933 [Bennis et al, 19891, dopaminergic [Bennis et al, 1990a], serotoninergic [Bennis et al, 1990b], GABAergic [Bennis et al,199la] and peptidergic [Bennis, 1991] cell populations in chameleon brains.…”

Functional Anatomical, Histological and Ultrastructural Studies of three Chameleon Species: Chamaeleo Chamaeleon, Chamaeleo Africanus, and Chamaeleon Vulgaris

“…The great excursion of the tongue is associated with a highly differentiated hypoglossal nucleu (Shanklin, 1930). RESUMEN: Fueron recolectadas tres especies de Camaleón incluyendo Camaleón Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Camaleón Chamaeleo africanus y Chamaeleon vulgaris.…”

Eye movements in chameleons are not truly independent – evidence from simultaneous monocular tracking of two targets

“…In contrast, in ectotherms and birds, the optic nerves undergo full decussation, with all of the visual information transferred first from a given eye to the contralateral hemisphere. Moreover, interhemispheric commissures are relatively sparse in ectotherms and robust in mammals (Huber and Crosby, 1933;Jeffery and Erskine, 2005;Shanklin, 1930).…”