The Central Nervous System and Exposure to Toluene: A Risk Characterization

Greenberg, Mark M

doi:10.1006/enrs.1996.3686

Cited by 116 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(49 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…47 Toluene is a major component of adhesives, paints, lacquers, varnishes, printing inks, degreasers, fuel additives, glues and thinners, whereas styrene is present when manufacturing plastics, rubber articles, and glass fibers. 48 Chronic exposure to these aromatic solvents can affect the central nervous system 49,50,11 and also the inner ear. 51,52 The cochleotoxic effects of aromatic solvents such as toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, various methylstyrenes, allylbenzene, and n-propylbenzene have been repeatedly demonstrated in animal experiments.…”

Section: Aromatic Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical exposure and hearing loss

Campo¹,

Morata²,

Hong³

2013

Disease-a-Month

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Aromatic Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical exposure and hearing loss

Campo¹,

Morata²,

Hong³

2013

Disease-a-Month

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Due to the lipid-rich content of the nervous tissue, the aromatic solvents can cause severe impairments to the central nervous system [16,17]. More recently, Bale et al [18] showed with an in vitro experiment that the cholinergic and, more specifically, the nicotinic receptors were sensitive to toluene.…”

Section: Neurotoxicity Of Aromatic Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent-Induced Hearing Loss: Mechanisms and Prevention Strategy

Campo

Maguin²

2007

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

While noise exposure is the most significant contributor to occupational hearing loss, evidence gained over the last 10 years, has pointed to organic solvents as additional contributors to occupational hearing disorders. Despite the implications of this finding, no significant measure has been undertaken to limit exposure to occupational solvents, or to occupational solvents and noise, within the European community. Guidelines for improving hearing protection of people exposed to solvents, or to solvents and noise, are addressed in the present article. Recently, it has been shown that the lowest-observed-adverseeffect level (LOAEL) of styrene was 300 ppm in active (working wheel) rats, and that the same amount of styrene-induced hearing loss (SIHL) can be obtained with styrene concentration difference of 200 ppm between active and sedentary (inactive) rats. Supported by a reasonable safety factor (SF) of 10, the authors proposed to decrease the French threshold limit value of styrene from 50 to 30 ppm (RfD = LOAEL/SF) to ensure a higher level of protection for human hearing. It is widely acknowledged that outer hair cells in the organ of Corti can be considered as the first target tissue of solvents, while little is known about the action of aromatic solvents on the auditory efferent system. In a recent experiment using both the cochlear microphonic and compound action potentials, the authors have shown that toluene can inhibit the action of the middle ear reflex by modifying the cholinergic receptors. It is likely that toluene affects the cholinergic receptors at the brainstem level. By its anticholinergic-like effect, toluene could allow higher acoustic energy penetration into the cochlea exposed to both noise and solvent. Based on this phenomenon, the authors recommend the use of hearing protection for the lower exposure action value: Lex, 8h = 80 dB(A) in noisy environments polluted by solvents.

show abstract

“…Toluene is distributed throughout the body, with accumulation in tissues with high lipid content (2). In humans and animals, the primary effect associated with inhalation exposure to toluene is central nervous system (CNS) depression (3,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebselen Protects Against Oxidative and Morphological Effects of High Concentration Chronic Toluene Exposure on Rat Sciatic Nerves

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim: Neuroprotective effects of ebselen against free radical damage have been studied extensively. Toluene generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the toxic effects relating to these reactants. The aim of this study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic toluene inhalation in high concentration on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and ultrastructural changes in the sciatic nerves of rats.Methods: We also examined the protective effects of ebselen against toluen exposure. Male Wistar albino rats (150-250 g) were divided in three experimental groups: the control, toluene and toluene+ebselen treated group (n=10 for each). Toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene, in a 8 hr/day and 6 day/week order for 16 weeks. Control group received 1ml serum physiologic and ebselen was given i.p. (10 mg/kg) to toluene+ebselen treated group just after toluene exposure per day. Blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigation. The blood and sciatic nerves were assayed for toluene by gas chromatography.Results: Toluene significantly increased blood and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but not tissue catalase (CAT) levels when compared with controls. Ebselen administration prevented to increase of blood and tissue MDA and decrease to SOD and GSH-Px levels induced by toluene inhalation. Electron micrographs of sciatic nerve in the toluene group shows myelin destructions with onion-bulb and bubble form protrusion on the myelin sheath and axolemma border of myelinated axons. Furthermore, ebselen salvaged the nerve fibers from toluene exposure.Conclusion: Ebselen treatment may provide neuroprotection against toluene neurotoxicity by directly scavenging ROS and by indirectly augmenting their antioxidant capacity.

show abstract

The Central Nervous System and Exposure to Toluene: A Risk Characterization

Cited by 116 publications

References 42 publications

Chemical exposure and hearing loss

Chemical exposure and hearing loss

Solvent-Induced Hearing Loss: Mechanisms and Prevention Strategy

Ebselen Protects Against Oxidative and Morphological Effects of High Concentration Chronic Toluene Exposure on Rat Sciatic Nerves

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About