The cellulose synthase (CESA) gene superfamily of the moss Physcomitrella patens

Roberts, Alison W.; Bushoven, John T.

doi:10.1007/s11103-006-9083-1

Cited by 95 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…In Arabidopsis, Nicotiana spp. and rice, CslD expression is associated with tip-growing cells (root hairs, pollen tubes, xylem fibres) and in moss, protonema cells (Doblin et al 2001;Favery et al 2001;Wang et al 2001;Becker et al 2003;Honys and Twell 2003;Bernal et al 2007Bernal et al , 2008Kim et al 2007;Roberts and Bushoven 2007), providing correlative evidence for this proposal. CslD proteins have been located in the ER (Favery et al 2001;Bernal et al 2007), GA (Dunkley et al 2006;Bernal et al 2008;Zeng and Keegstra 2008) and PM (Natera et al 2008), making deductions of function from these data impossible.…”

Section: Rgxt1 Rgxt2mentioning

confidence: 82%

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Doblin

Pettolino

Bacic

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

173

140

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Abstract. Plants are our major source of renewable biomass. Since cell walls represent some 50% of this biomass, they are major targets for biotechnology. Major drivers are their potential as a renewable source of energy as transport fuels (biofuels), functional foods to improve human health and as a source of raw materials to generate building blocks for industrial processes (biobased industries). To achieve sustainable development, we must optimise plant production and utilisation and this will require a complete understanding of wall structure and function at the molecular/biochemical level. This overview summarises the current state of knowledge in relation to the synthesis and assembly of the wall polysaccharides (i.e. the genes and gene families encoding the polysaccharide synthases and glycosyltransferases (GlyTs)), the predominant macromolecular components. We also touch on an exciting emerging role of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum as a signal perception and transduction pathway allowing plant growth regulation in response to endogenous and exogenous cues.Additional keywords: cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum, glycosyltransferase, polysaccharide structure and biosynthesis, synthase. Plant cell wallsA distinguishing feature of plant cells is the presence of a polysaccharide-rich wall. The wall encloses each cell while at the same time allowing the transfer of solutes and signalling molecules between cells via specific structures such as plasmodesmata (symplastic transport), or pores within the gellike matrix of the wall itself (apoplastic movement). Similar to the skeleton of animals, the plant wall is a key determinant of overall plant form, growth and development. In contrast to having a specialised skeletal system as occurs in animals, the shape and strength of plants rely on the properties of the wall. The wall also plays a significant role in plant defence and responses to environmental stresses. Plant walls are important not simply because they are integral to plant growth and development but also because they determine the quality of plant-based products. The texture, nutritional and processing properties of plant-based foods for human and animal consumption is heavily influenced by the characteristics of the wall. Fibre for textiles, pulp and paper manufacture, and timber products and increasingly for fuel and composite manufacture is largely composed of walls, or derived from them. Due to their relevance to these industries, the chemical structures of the constituent polymers (polysaccharides, (glyco) proteins, polyphenolics) and the biochemical processes involved in the synthesis, maturation and turnover of the wall have been the subjects of research for many years. This research is now intensifying with the prospect of using plant ligno-cellulosic biomass as a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the production of transportation fuels. Advances are likely to occur through molecular biological and functional genomics approaches, including pu...

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Section: Rgxt1 Rgxt2mentioning

confidence: 82%

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Doblin

Pettolino

Bacic

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

173

140

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“…Following, due to the duplication and diversification events, many different CesA subfamilies have evolved in the vascular plants before the divergence of ferns [24,26]. The functions of CesA genes were conserved during the evolution, from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont, by algae ancestors of land plants, to extant groups of Tracheophyta [26,31], indicating the significance of cellulose for development and functioning of all plants.…”

Section: Cellulose -The Main Component Of Plant Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their common ancestor had only one CesA gene, and unspecialized homo-oligomeric complexes, but these already forming the rosette structure of TCs. Therefore, functional specialization of entire terminal complexes occurred after the formation of rosettes [31]. Complexes specialized to produce primary and secondary walls evolved to hetero-oligomeric TCs due to the diversification of CesAs [31,34,[36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Cellulose -The Main Component Of Plant Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, functional specialization of entire terminal complexes occurred after the formation of rosettes [31]. Complexes specialized to produce primary and secondary walls evolved to hetero-oligomeric TCs due to the diversification of CesAs [31,34,[36][37][38][39]. This second specialization event took place probably after the divergence of lycophytes, in a common ancestor of ferns and seed plants.…”

Section: Cellulose -The Main Component Of Plant Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the cell wall components during terrestrialization

Banasiak¹

2014

Acta Soc Bot Pol

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Colonization of terrestrial ecosystems by the first land plants, and their subsequent expansion and diversification, were crucial for the life on the Earth. However, our understanding of these processes is still relatively poor. Recent intensification of studies on various plant organisms have identified the plant cell walls are those structures, which played a key role in adaptive processes during the evolution of land plants. Cell wall as a structure protecting protoplasts and showing a high structural plasticity was one of the primary subjects to changes, giving plants the new properties and capabilities, which undoubtedly contributed to the evolutionary success of land plants.In this paper, the current state of knowledge about some main components of the cell walls (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and lignins) and their evolutionary alterations, as preadaptive features for the land colonization and the plant taxa diversification, is summarized. Some aspects related to the biosynthesis and modification of the cell wall components, with particular emphasis on the mechanism of transglycosylation, are also discussed. In addition, new surprising discoveries related to the composition of various cell walls, which change how we perceive their evolution, are presented, such as the presence of lignin in red algae or MLG (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan in horsetails. Currently, several new and promising projects, regarding the cell wall, have started, deciphering its structure, composition and metabolism in the evolutionary context. That additional information will allow us to better understand the processes leading to the terrestrialization and the evolution of extant land plants.

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“…CESA proteins, encoded by the CesA gene family, form large membrane-embedded complexes depositing cellulose into plant cell walls (Mutwil et al 2008). In embryophytes, this gene family forms a distinct clade consisting of 8-18 members per species (Hamann et al 2004;Roberts and Bushoven 2007;Kumar et al 2009;Yin et al 2009). In plants there are two distinct CesA gene expression groups, one associated with primary cell wall formation and the other with secondary cell wall formation (Taylor et al 2004;Desprez et al 2007).…”

Section: Eucalyptusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and cis-element architecture of the promoter regions of cellulose synthase genes in Eucalyptus

Creux

Castro

Ranik

et al. 2013

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Lignocellulosic biomass from fast-growing plantation trees is composed of carbohydrate-rich materials deposited into plant cell walls in a coordinated manner during wood formation. The diversity and evolution of the transcriptional networks regulating this process have not been studied extensively. We investigated patterns of species-level nucleotide diversity in the -2 -promoters of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes from different Eucalyptus tree species and assessed the possible roles of DNA sequence polymorphism in the gain or loss of ciselements harboured within the promoters. Promoter regions of three primary and three secondary cell wall-associated CesA genes were isolated from 13 Eucalyptus species and were analysed for nucleotide and cis-element diversity. Species-level nucleotide diversity (π) ranged from 0.014 to 0.068 and different CesA promoters exhibited distinct patterns of sequence conservation. A set of 22 putative cis-elements were mapped to the CesA promoters using in silico methods. Forty two percent of the mapped cis-element occurrences contained singleton polymorphisms which resulted in either the gain or loss of a cis-element in a particular Eucalyptus species. The promoters of Eucalyptus CesA genes contained regions that are highly conserved at the species (Eucalyptus) and genus (with Arabidopsis and Populus) level, suggesting the presence of regulatory modules imposing functional constraint on such regions. Nucleotide polymorphisms in the CesA promoters more frequently created new cis-element occurrences than disrupted existing cis-element occurrences, a process which may be important for the maintenance and evolution of cellulose gene regulation in plants.

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The cellulose synthase (CESA) gene superfamily of the moss Physcomitrella patens

Cited by 95 publications

References 73 publications

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Evolution of the cell wall components during terrestrialization

Diversity and cis-element architecture of the promoter regions of cellulose synthase genes in Eucalyptus

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