The Cellulose Problem in War-Time

Grant, Julius

doi:10.1038/146219a0

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Cellulose is a major component of plants and has the molecular structure of a linear polysaccharide composed of β-1,4-linked glucosyl residues. − The discovery of the cellulose secondary nanostructure and the advance of fabrication nanotechnology has allowed the generation of cellulose NAs (CNs) from wood and plants . These CNs can be classified into two groups: cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) .…”

Section: Metal Removal Using Different Types Of Nanomaterials Adsorbe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Advances in Engineering Nanomaterial Adsorbents for Metal Removal and Recovery from Water: Synthesis and Microstructure Impacts

Luo

et al. 2021

ACS EST Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Adsorption is widely applied in both potable and municipal or industrial wastewater treatments process. Nanomaterial adsorbents (NAs) have emerged as efficient candidates to remove toxic metals from water. However, scalable application of NAs beyond bench-scale material discovery and translation to full scale deployment has been limited but essential to realize the potential NAs offer for environmental remediation. In this critical review, we summarize, discuss, and compare various NA synthesis methods and assess their scalability to supply materials for full-scale applications. Moreover, as the importance of the microstructure of nanomaterial itself has been recognized in recent years, we also scrutinize the effect of NAs structures including crystal facets, phases, and tunability of active sites (e.g., functional groups) on metal adsorption. The review concludes with prioritizing research needs that balance large-scale production costs and feasibility to produce desired properties of NAs at commercial scale quantities. Meanwhile, an NAs evaluation protocol (e.g., life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA)) should be established to test NAs at the material discovery stage that considers both adsorption capacity and mass transfer kinetics and perform long-term testing (e.g., recovery) of NA real applications.

show abstract

Section: Metal Removal Using Different Types Of Nanomaterials Adsorbe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Advances in Engineering Nanomaterial Adsorbents for Metal Removal and Recovery from Water: Synthesis and Microstructure Impacts

Luo

et al. 2021

ACS EST Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…18 In order of priority these are: 1) availability (a regular supply must be ensured, sufficient quantities to be available, ease of harvesting) 2) yield of the material 3) ease of removal of non-fibrous constituents 4) suitability of existing processing machinery 5) cost.…”

Section: Developments During World War IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Nettle Fibre: Its Prospects, Uses and Problems in Historical Perspective

Harwood

Edom

2012

Textile History

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The stinging nettle plant (Urtica dioica L.) is perhaps best known as an abundant and perennial weed, but throughout history it has been used as a source of fibre in many parts of the world. This paper explores the potential uses of nettle fibre within a historical context and describes efforts made by the German and UK governments to cultivate and process the fibre for special war purposes during World War I and II. There has recently been a revival of interest in this fascinating fibre, and recent attempts to commercialise production are discussed. IntroductionNettle fi bre is a cellulose fi bre which has a long and fascinating history that can be traced back to the Bronze Age, when it was used to make cloth. Probably the best known fi nd is from the Danish Voldtofte grave, where nettle cloth was used to wrap human bones, and dates from between 900 and 750 bc. 1 There is also evidence of its production in Scandinavia, Germany, Russia and Poland. Nettle fi bre was used in Great Britain up to about 1860 for making a strong, durable cloth, but the arrival of cheaper imported materials meant that its use was discontinued. References to the use of this very strong fi bre for textiles occur in literature and anecdotally; for example, the Scottish poet Thomas Campbell reported on the use of nettle fi bre in Scotland in 1835:In Scotland, I have eaten nettles, I have slept in nettle sheets, and I have dined off a nettle table-cloth. The young and tender nettle is an excellent pot-herb, and the stalks of the old nettle are as good as flax for making cloth. I have heard my mother say that she thought nettle-cloth more durable than any other species of linen. 2 Perhaps less well documented is the attempt made by the UK government to reintroduce nettle fi bre during the period 1940 to 1945. This paper describes the efforts made by Kew Gardens in London, the National Physical Laboratory and various Government departments to cultivate and extract fi bre from wild stinging nettles as an alternative to cotton and for papermaking. 3 This research is based on a study of the lengthy correspondence between the organisations involved and provides not only an insight into the problems posed by cultivation of this 'weed' but an interesting social commentary on the war effort. 4 Various attempts have been made since the Second World War to revitalise the cultivation and processing of stinging nettle for fi bre. The potential end uses and current markets for this traditional fi bre are discussed.

show abstract

The Cellulose Problem in War-Time

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Review of Advances in Engineering Nanomaterial Adsorbents for Metal Removal and Recovery from Water: Synthesis and Microstructure Impacts

Review of Advances in Engineering Nanomaterial Adsorbents for Metal Removal and Recovery from Water: Synthesis and Microstructure Impacts

Nettle Fibre: Its Prospects, Uses and Problems in Historical Perspective

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About