The Cellular Components in the Induction of Antibody by x-Irradiated Animals

368

119

Rabbits primarily stimulated with a BSA (bovine serum albumin)-sulfanilic acid complex will produce a good secondary response to the sulfanilic acid hapten if the carrier used in the secondary stimulus is again BSA, and not if the secondary carrier is HGG (human gamma globulin). In the latter situation, a good secondary response is obtained, however, if the rabbits are pretreated a few weeks earlier with free HGG. We conclude that the immune stimulus involves the recognition of carrier determinants unrelated to the hapten. As the receptors for recognition of unrelated determinants are probably situated on different cells, we suggest that the immune stimulus leading to antibody formation requires the interaction of two antigen-bridged cells.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Requirement of More Than One Antigenic Determinant for Immunogenicity

Rajewsky

Schirrmacher

Nase

et al. 1969

368

119

“…and most investigators have assumed that the antibody was formed by the transferred cells. This view has found experimental support by some (32) but not by other investigators (33,34). We proceeded to examine this problem.…”

Section: The Cellular Origin Of the A Ntibody--the Transfer Of Cell-mentioning

confidence: 89%

Cells as Antigen Carriers and as Immunoglobulin Producers

Chou

Dubiski

Cinader

1967

Tolerance induction and antibody formation appear to be alternative consequences of exposure to antigen. The decision between the alternatives depends, on the one hand, on the dose (1, 2), structure (3), and molecular weight (4, 5) of the antigen and, on the other, on the age, species, and immunological status of the recipient. While some of the factors which cause tolerance in adult animals have been explored in detail, little is known about the conditions which promote antibody formation after neonatal exposure to an antigen. To explore this further, we have injected newborn rabbits with small quantities of human albumin (HA) either in soluble form or in association with rabbit cells. The protein was either linked to rabbit erythrocytes by covalent bonds or taken up by nucleated ceils from the thymus, the lymph nodes, the peritoneal cavity, or the lungs. The cellular origin of antibody was determined by allotypic markers on the antibody molecules. The fate of the transferred cells in the recipient animal was followed by monitoring the ailotypic markers of the circulating immunoglobulin molecules. Materials and MethodsGlycogen.--Glycogen of cp grade was obtained from Pfanstlehl Chemical Co., Waukegan, Ill., and Fish Reagent Chemical Glycogen was obtained from Fish Scientific Co., New York. A 1% (w/v) stock solution of glycogen in glass-distilled water was prepared and was sterilized by steaming at 100°C for 30 rain daily for 3 consecutive days. Immediately before use a 0.1% solution was prepared from this sterile stock solution by adding 100 ml of the 1% solution to 900 ml of Baxter sterile nonpyrogenic normal saline (Baxter

“…eluate) cells (we have observed that approximately 10-20% of the irradiated rabbits die if they are not protected with bone marrow) and (b) to provide the recipient with macrophages and/or other cell types which, although not the predominant cell(s) required for the induction of the primary immune response, may nevertheless be necessary in small numbers in order to potentiate the immune response, or to function in a synergistic fashion. Macrophages have been shown to play an active role in promulgating the sequential steps leading to humoral antibody formation, especially in the primary response (11)(12)(13)(14)(15). It has also been demonstrated that macrophages are retained by the glass bead columns (16)(17)(18) and apparently are not eluted by the procedure utilized in this investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cells Involved in the Immune Response

Abdou

Richter

1969

The antigen-reactive cells in normal rabbit bone marrow could be isolated from a suspension of marrow cells by passage of the cells through an antigen-sensitized glass bead column. The cells which passed through the column were deficient in antigen-reactive cells directed to the antigen used to sensitize the glass beads, whereas the cells eluted from the column could transfer antibody-forming capacity to irradiated recipients only with respect to the specific sensitizing antigen. Separation of the bone marrow antigen-reactive cells could not be achieved by passage of the cells through nonsensitized glass bead columns or in the presence of excess free antigen in the column. Cells which were retained by, and later eluted from, the antigen-sensitized glass bead columns were mostly small mononuclear cells, whereas cells which passed through the columns were morphologically similar to the original unfractionated bone marrow cell suspension. The data indicate the presence of an antibody or antibody-like structure, with defined immunological specificity, on the surface of the normal bone marrow antigen-reactive cell.