“…Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a complex process of subacute and chronic cellular and molecular mechanisms, involving damage to alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, activation of macrophages, fibroblast accumulation, proliferation and differentiation, which can lead to radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, typically 6e12 months following completion of radiotherapy. 48,49 Most important RILI symptoms are nonproductive cough, exerciseinduced dyspnea, low-grade fever, and chest pain. Nevertheless, some 45% of lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy may develop cough and dyspnea not related to the radiotherapy, alternatively caused by pulmonary infections, COPD exacerbations, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, anemia, and immunotherapy-induced lung tissue changes.…”