The Cell Wall Polysaccharides Biosynthesis in Seaweeds: A Molecular Perspective

Shao, Zhanru; Duan, Delin

doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.902823

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Meanwhile, a drastic ST2 downregulated expression would be constrained to the presence of MEJA and associated with the development of reproductive structures (cystocarps; Figure 8 vs. Figure 5), as also reported for ethylene-treated thalli (del Rosario-Santana et al, 2022;Shao and Duan, 2022). Thus, it can be inferred that if ST gene expression is sustained or downregulated, then changes in the expression of two sequences for each sulfurylase gene (SYI and Expression of genes that encode carbohydrate sulfotransferase (ST1 and ST2) at day 5 in thalli of Grateloupia imbricata cultured separately in exogenous methionine and in MgSO 4 for 3 days plus 2 days in methyljasmonate (S-source plus MEJA).…”

Section: Rosariosupporting

confidence: 68%

Jasmonates disrupt carrageenan synthesis during carposporogenesis in the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

2023

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In this study, we monitored changes in cell wall sulfated galactans in the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricata after the rapid (48 h) induction of cystocarp maturation and carpospore development by the volatile hormone methyl jasmonate (MEJA). Synthesis of sulfated galactans, carrageenans, which requires sulfated UDP galactose, was followed by expression analysis of genes encoding phosphoglucomutase (PGM), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and those responsible for sulfate assimilation (S-transporter and sulfate adenylyltransferase, SAT). In addition, the expression of carbohydrate sulfotransferase and galactose-6-sulfurylase responsible for the addition and removal of sulfate groups to the galactans backbone were evaluated. Structural changes, such as thallus softening, were analyzed using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, and ploidy was assessed using flow cytometry. The results showed downregulation of most of the genes encoding precursors or those in charge of transformation into sulfated hexoses for cell wall synthesis. Furthermore, alterations in the FTIR spectrum of carrageenan from MEJA-induced fertile thalli, such as the disappearance and flattening of absorption bands, were observed. The promptness of these events and the ploidy of thalli and spores seem to confirm the induction of mitotic production of haploid spores by MEJA.

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Section: Rosariosupporting

confidence: 68%

Jasmonates disrupt carrageenan synthesis during carposporogenesis in the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

2023

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“…However, carbohydrate molecules are composed of long chains of monosaccharide residues, and each long chain of carbohydrates contains only one reducing carboxyl group, which cannot provide sufficient reducing power to produce AgNPs [ 83 ]. Additionally, the polysaccharides present in the cell walls of macroalgae serve a protective role against environmental stress and are not involved in any light absorption mechanism [ 84 ]. Therefore, the abundance of phenolic compounds in U. lactuca could provide a better explanation for the reduction of Ag + to Ag 0 ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Activities of Photoinduced Phycogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications

Maduraimuthu,

Ranishree,

Gopalakrishnan

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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While various methods exist for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), green synthesis has emerged as a promising approach due to its affordability, sustainability, and suitability for biomedical purposes. However, green synthesis is time-consuming, necessitating the development of efficient and cost-effective techniques to minimize reaction time. Consequently, researchers have turned their attention to photo-driven processes. In this study, we present the photoinduced bioreduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to AgNPs using an aqueous extract of Ulva lactuca, an edible green seaweed. The phytochemicals found in the seaweed functioned as both reducing and capping agents, while light served as a catalyst for biosynthesis. We explored the effects of different light intensities and wavelengths, the initial pH of the reaction mixture, and the exposure time on the biosynthesis of AgNPs. Confirmation of AgNP formation was achieved through the observation of a surface plasmon resonance band at 428 nm using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of algae-derived phytochemicals bound to the outer surface of the synthesized AgNPs. Additionally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images demonstrated that the NPs possessed a nearly spherical shape, ranging in size from 5 nm to 40 nm. The crystalline nature of the NPs was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), with Bragg’s diffraction pattern revealing peaks at 2θ = 38°, 44°, 64°, and 77°, corresponding to the planes of silver 111, 200, 220, and 311 in the face-centered cubic crystal lattice of metallic silver. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results exhibited a prominent peak at 3 keV, indicating an Ag elemental configuration. The highly negative zeta potential values provided further confirmation of the stability of AgNPs. Moreover, the reduction kinetics observed via UV-vis spectrophotometry demonstrated superior photocatalytic activity in the degradation of hazardous pollutant dyes, such as rhodamine B, methylene orange, Congo red, acridine orange, and Coomassie brilliant blue G-250. Consequently, our biosynthesized AgNPs hold great potential for various biomedical redox reaction applications.

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“…Sulfation and desulfation generate different carrageenan types such as κ-, ι-, and λ-carrageenan, which may even be found in different phases of the life cycle, albeit seaweeds can also contain hybrid carrageenans [ 1 ]. Sulfation takes place by the action of carbohydrate sulfotransferase and desulfation by galactose-6-sulfurylase ( Figure 1 ), although its role is not fully clarified [ 2 ]. Galactose-6-sulfurylase catalyzes the conversion of μ-carrageenan into κ-carrageenan, but λ-carrageenan does not seem to be susceptible to its action [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

S-Assimilation Influences in Carrageenan Biosynthesis Genes during Ethylene-Induced Carposporogenesis in Red Seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

2022

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The synthesis of cell-wall sulfated galactans proceeds through UDP galactose, a major nucleotide sugar in red seaweed, whilst sulfate is transported through S-transporters into algae. Moreover, synthesis of ethylene, a volatile plant growth regulator that plays an important role in red seaweed reproduction, occurs through S-adenosyl methionine. This means that sulfur metabolism is involved in reproduction events as well as sulfated galactan synthesis of red seaweed. In this work we study the effects of methionine and MgSO4 on gene expression of polygalactan synthesis through phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) and of sulfate assimilation (S-transporter and sulfate adenylyltransferase, SAT) using treatment of ethylene for15 min, which elicited cystocarp development in Grateloupia imbricata. Also, expressions of carbohydrate sulfotransferase and galactose-6-sulfurylase in charge of the addition and removal of sulfate groups to galactans backbone were examined. Outstanding results occurred in the presence of methionine, which provoked an increment in transcript number of genes encoding S-transporter and assimilation compared to controls regardless of the development stage of thalli. Otherwise, methionine diminished the transcript levels of PGM and GALT and expressions are associated with the fertilization stage of thalli of G. imbricata. As opposite, methionine and MgSO4 did not ffect the transcript number of carbohydrate sulfotransferase and galactose-6-sulfurylase. Nonetheless, differential expression was obtained for sulfurylases according to the development stages of thalli of G. imbricata.

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The Cell Wall Polysaccharides Biosynthesis in Seaweeds: A Molecular Perspective

Cited by 23 publications

References 69 publications

Jasmonates disrupt carrageenan synthesis during carposporogenesis in the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

Jasmonates disrupt carrageenan synthesis during carposporogenesis in the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

Antioxidant Activities of Photoinduced Phycogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications

S-Assimilation Influences in Carrageenan Biosynthesis Genes during Ethylene-Induced Carposporogenesis in Red Seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

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