The cell biology of rabies virus: using stealth to reach the brain

Schnell, Matthias J.; McGettigan, James P.; Wirblich, Christoph; Papaneri, Amy B.

doi:10.1038/nrmicro2260

Cited by 313 publications

(308 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…This disease affects all warm-blooded mammals including human and has been threatening the lives of mankind for more than 4,000 years (Schnell et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2011). Globally, it is estimated that at least 55,000 people die of rabies each year (Zhao et al, 2008;Matsumoto et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The causative agent for rabies is rabies virus which belongs to the order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae, and genus Lyssavirus. This virus has a negative single-stranded RNA genome and the virions are bullet-shaped (Schnell et al, 2010). The disease is characterized by the development of severe nervous symptoms that lead to paralysis and death (Abera, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Community based cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rabies in Munesa District, Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia

Abdela¹,

Teshome²

2017

J. Public Health Epidemiol.

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Rabies, one of the oldest and deadliest diseases known to human, is incurable and neglected viral zoonosis which has been threatening the human life for many years despite being entirely preventable. Community awareness play significant role in preventing this fatal disease. Therefore, this cross sectional study was conducted from November to December 2016 with the objective to assess the community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding rabies in Munesa district, Arsi zone, south eastern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed for selection of sample unit and data were collected from 150 household by face-to-face interview using a semi structured pretested questionnaire. Logistic regression was used for assessing the association of independent variable with KAP score. Out of 150 participants interviewed 59.3% of them were males and 40.7% were females. The respondents from urban, peri-urban and rural residence comprise about 32.7%, 30% and 37.3% of total participants, respectively. Almost all (99.3%) participants had heard about rabies and 88.7% of them knew its zoonotic significance which is a good Knowledge. However, knowledge gap was observed regarding the cause, transmission, incubation period and prevention methods. The overall KAP result revealed that 57.3% and 42.3% of participants had a good and poor KAP score, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that good KAP score was significantly higher in male than female (OR= 3.14, CI=1.01 -9.79, P = 0.048), in those who experienced dog bite than those who were not bitten by dog (OR=7.37, CI=1.83-29.61, P=0.005), in dog owners than non-dog owners (OR=7.53, CI=2.01-28.19, p=0.003) and in trained participants than untrained (OR= 18.62, CI=1.56-222.47, p= 0.021). Furthermore, education level (p=0.021) and residence (p=0.031) participants were also significantly associated with a higher good KAP score. This study showed that community in munesa district has good general information about rabies. However, there is a need for further awareness creation which requires the collaborative effort of government authority, medical and veterinary professionals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community based cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rabies in Munesa District, Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia

Abdela¹,

Teshome²

2017

J. Public Health Epidemiol.

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“…Trends in Parasitology xx (2015) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] There are, however, many examples of genetic variation in niche construction traits, in which case different genotypes may consistently experience different environments, a phenomenon known as gene-environment correlation (r GE ); this can bias selection pressures, leading to different evolutionary trajectories for niche construction genotypes [3].…”

Section: Trepar 1352 1-8mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parasites may also affect many aspects of the physiology, behaviour, or immune response of their host, potentially leading to a change in selective environment for themselves and their descendants. The rabies virus (Lyssavirus), for example, causes physiological and behavioural changes in its host, manifesting as increased aggression [8]. Because viruses have multiple generations within an individual host, the viral population which initiates an infection produces modified selection pressures for its descendants, and this may have important implications for the evolution of parasite traits affecting virulence and transmission [2].…”

Section: Box 2 Polygenic Traits and Quantitative Genetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…xxx, No. x TREPAR 1352 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and immune status, and resource competition with coinfecting genotypes [22]. Intrinsic variation among genotypes in sex ratio pattern will therefore be expressed differently in different infection scenarios, and this may influence the response to selection on the trait.…”

Section: Box 2 Polygenic Traits and Quantitative Genetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Niche construction: evolutionary implications for parasites and hosts

Lymbery

2015

Trends in Parasitology

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Rabies: Virus and Disease

Nadin-Davis¹

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Rabies is an acute encephalomyelitis, caused by a group of genetically related lyssaviruses. The primary sources of rabies are major animal reservoirs in the orders Chiroptera and Carnivora, although this deadly zoonosis may affect all mammals, including humans. Despite the availability of biologicals that are efficacious in preventing the disease, once clinical signs develop, the disease is almost invariably fatal and kills over 50 000 people annually. The most effective control measures involve parenteral dog vaccination and oral vaccination of wildlife. Genetic analysis of lyssaviruses is extending our understanding of their diversity and evolution. The mechanisms that contribute to viral pathogenesis are being explored by studying the molecular interactions of the viral components with host cell factors. Such knowledge may provide for new less costly vaccines and effective therapeutic interventions in the future. Key Concepts: Rabies is a neurological disease that can affect almost all mammals and is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs develop. Rabies is caused by all members of the Lyssavirus genus, bullet‐shaped neurotropic viruses with small RNA genomes, which are normally transmitted in virus‐laden saliva through bites. Humans rarely transmit the disease to other humans but are exposed through contact with rabid animals. Prevention of human disease is undertaken by a regimen of timely post‐exposure prophylaxis. Distinct Lyssavirus species and variants thereof are maintained in dogs in the developing world and by several wildlife species including foxes, skunks, raccoons, raccoon dogs, mongooses, jackals and many species of bats. Through a series of viral–host interactions, rabies virus has evolved mechanisms that maintain the neural network required for its propagation and spread within the infected host while avoiding clearance by the host's immune system. Knowledge of the diversity of the Lyssavirus genus is steadily expanding with increased surveillance and development of molecular tools to enable rapid characterisation of new isolates. Current vaccines and biologicals are ineffective against the more diverse members of the genus thereby indicating that additional novel reagents may be required in the future. Ultimately, control and eradication of rabies will require elimination of the disease from animal reservoirs through the application of efficacious and cost‐effective methods of animal vaccination.

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The cell biology of rabies virus: using stealth to reach the brain

Cited by 313 publications

References 129 publications

Community based cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rabies in Munesa District, Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia

Community based cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rabies in Munesa District, Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia

Niche construction: evolutionary implications for parasites and hosts

Rabies: Virus and Disease

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