The Cd-induced morphological and photosynthetic disruption is related to the reduced Fe status and increased oxidative injuries in sugar beet

Nitric Oxide Prevents Fe Deficiency-Induced Photosynthetic Disturbance, and Oxidative Stress in Alfalfa by Regulating Fe Acquisition and Antioxidant Defense

“…Antioxidant enzyme activities of plant tissue were measured following the protocol used previously [20]. Briefly, 100 mg tissue was homogenized in 0.5 mL of 100 mM (KPbuffer, pH 7.0), vortex well.…”

An Insight into the Abiotic Stress Responses of Cultivated Beets (Beta vulgaris L.)

“…Alkaline stress WRKY transcription factor family (WRKY10 and 16) [35] Alkaline stress Metal Tolerance Protein 11 (MTP11) [36] Alkaline stress Ethylene-insensitive protein 2 (EIN2) [36] Alkaline stress Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) [36] Cold stress Integral membrane protein (IMP) [37] Cold stress A novel ER-located aquaporin gene (COLD1) [38] Cold stress Raffinose synthase 1 and 2 (RS1 and RS2) [39] Freezing Galactinol synthase 2 and 3 (GOLS2 and GOLS3) Raffinose synthase 2 and 5 (RS2 and RS5) [40] Heavy metal Metal tolerance protein (BmMTP10 and BmMTP11) [41] Heavy metal Toxic nickel concentration (NIC3, NIC6 and NIC8) [42] Heavy metal Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 3 (NRAMP3) [43] 2.1. Alkaline Stress Alkaline stress (high pH) is one of the abiotic constraints of plants, which co-exists with salt stress and elicits severe detrimental damages to global agricultural production [44].…”

“…Nevertheless, the combination of Cd (5 g) and Ni (10 g) treatment resulted in a drastic reduction in fresh and dry biomass of aerial parts and beets, and a decrease in plant height [ 27 ]. Very recently, Haque et al [ 43 ] found that toxic levels of Cd cause growth retardation of sugar beet plants because of low iron levels resulting in photosynthetic inefficiency, and cellular oxidative stress [ 43 ]. Cd-treated plants displayed sensitivity to oxidative stress, leading to an increase in levels of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 in roots and shoots.…”

“…Cd-treated plants displayed sensitivity to oxidative stress, leading to an increase in levels of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 in roots and shoots. In addition, Haque et al [ 43 ] examined the antioxidant defense system in sugar beet under heavy metal stress and found that Cd stress caused an enhancement of CAT enzyme activity in the shoots, whereas the activities of other antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, APX, and GR did not change in neither roots nor shoots. Furthermore, the results from a previous study indicated reduced uptake of N, P, Mg, K, Mn, Cu, and Zn upon Cd toxicity [ 114 ].…”

“…For instance, the activity of ferric chelate reductase (FCR) involved in iron homeostasis was decreased under short-term exposure of Pb and Cd, but prolonged exposure increased the FCR activity in sugar beet roots [ 123 ]. Recently, Haque et al [ 43 ] reported that the reduction in FCR activity and expression of iron-regulated transporter 1 (BvIRT1) gene suggested a negative impact of Cd in Fe acquisition. In another study, the Pb-treated sugar beet plants exhibited altered Cu deficiency levels and increased FCR activities [ 114 ].…”