The Causes of Third-Person Effects: Unrealistic Optimism, Impersonal Impact, or Generalized Negative Attitudes Towards Media Influence?

Brosius, Hans‐Bernd; Engel, Dirk

doi:10.1093/ijpor/8.2.142

Cited by 144 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Some of the suggested psychological processes underlying TPE are optimistic bias (Gunther and Mundy, 1993;Salwen and Dupagne, 2003), ego involvement (Perloff, 1989), and social comparison (Atwood, 1994). Social distance (Brosius and Engel, 1996), education (Paul et al, 2000), age, gender, racial group, and group identity (Hoffner and Rehkoff, 2011) have been shown as factors that impact on the TPE discrepancy.…”

Section: The Perceived Influence Of Media Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Gambling Advertising and the Third-Person Effect

Guerrero-Solé

López-González

Griffiths

2017

International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning

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Psychology and Learning, 7(2), 15-30. AbstractGambling disorder is known to have a negatively detrimental impact on affected individual's physical and psychological health, social relationships, and finances. Via remote technologies (e.g., Internet, mobile phones, and interactive television), gambling has come out of gambling venues and has brought the potential for online gambling to occur anywhere (e.g., the home, the workplace, and on the move). Alongside the rise of online gambling, online gambling advertising have spread throughout all type of media. In a sample of 201 Spanish university students, the present study explored the perceived influence of online gambling advertising.More specifically it examined the Third-Person Effect (TPE), and its consequences on individuals' willingness to support censorship or public service advertising. The findings demonstrate that despite the difference on the perception of the effects of online gambling advertising, it scarcely accounts for the behavioural outcomes analysed. On the contrary, awareness of problem gambling and, above all, paternalistic attitudes appear to explain this support.

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Section: The Perceived Influence Of Media Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Gambling Advertising and the Third-Person Effect

Guerrero-Solé

López-González

Griffiths

2017

International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning

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“…Researchers agree that several different psychological mechanisms might predict and cause the phenomenon (Brosius & Engel, 1996;Paul et al, 2000). Although scholars have categorized these mechanisms somewhat differently, they have similar indications.…”

Section: Third-person Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although scholars have categorized these mechanisms somewhat differently, they have similar indications. Some have termed these mechanisms as unrealistic optimism, impersonal impact, and generalized negative attitude towards media influence (Brosius & Engel, 1996), while others have referred to these mechanisms as biased optimism, involvement, and negative messages (Price & Tewksbury, 1996). Unrealistic optimism or biased optimism refers to the inclination of people to have a more positive image of themselves than of others.…”

Section: Third-person Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unrealistic optimism or biased optimism refers to the inclination of people to have a more positive image of themselves than of others. According to Brosius and Engel (1996), unrealistic optimism is related to people's attempt to enhance their ego whereby having a feeling that they have a better position to control media effects. However, anyone else other than the self is considered to have a lack of control and thus is influenced by the media.…”

Section: Third-person Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Davison (1996) cites examples of behavioral effects when explaining how advertising and public relations materials have perceived media effects on others. In addition, numerous scholars have cited media control and censorship as a visible example of a third-person effect (Lee & Tamborini, 2005;Brosius & Engel, 1996;Rucinski & Salmon, 1990).…”

Section: Third-person Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of Political Campaign Materials on Party and Non-Party Voting Supporters

Idid¹,

Souket²

2014

Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research

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Political parties would normally claim that their campaign and communication materials have effects on voters, be it on their supporters or their opponents during election campaigns. However, such effects are assumed effects by the parties unless voters are themselves assessed about the effects of such materials on themselves. The supporters of the parties are likely to regard such campaign materials as congenial to them but this may not be so with the opposition supporters who would regard such materials as negative.Taking the third-person effect to analyze effects on the audience as the theoretical framework, this study posited that opposition members would regard the materials as negative and thus would claim that they would not have any effect on them but they would likely say that such campaign materials would have effects on own party supporters. Davison (1983) posited that individuals will perceive that negative mediated messages would have their greatest impact not "on me" or "you" but on "them,"-the third person.Research suggests that people judge others to be more influenced than they are by media, advertising, libelous messages, media violence, pornography, and television drama. The theory referred to as the Third-person effect developed on the postulation that audience members would not admit that media had any direct effect on them, but would instead believe that the media influenced others, the third person (Tewksbury, Moy, & Weis, 2004; Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research -ISSN 2288-6168 (Online) Vol. 1 No. 4 August 2014 308 http://dx.doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2014 Price, Tewksbury, & Huang, 1998). On the other hand, while people would discount the effects of negative or biased messages on themselves, they would, under the notion of the First Person Effect, readily admit to being influenced by such messages.This study was based on studying the effects of political literature on party and opposition party supporters taking the messages to be positive to one group and biased and partisan to another group. The study focuses on the assumed effects of political literature on own party and opposition party supporters. It traces the degree of influence of Malaysia's largest political party, Barisan Nasional (BN) political communication literature on its own supporters and on non-BN party supporters. While the third-person effect assumes a null or minimal effect on one's self and some or strong effect on others, the question that arises are on welcoming favorable media effects on oneself and assuming unfavorable effects on others.

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Third‐Person Effect: Perceptual and Behavioral Component

Andsager

2017

The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects

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The third‐person effect model posits that individuals believe themselves to be unaffected by socially undesirable media messages but that they perceive that other people are negatively influenced. This discrepancy is known as the third‐person effect's perceptual component. Because others may be adversely affected, individuals may act to restrict socially undesirable messages. This action comprises the behavioral component. In this entry, assumptions, key concepts, and research involving each component are considered.

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The Causes of Third-Person Effects: Unrealistic Optimism, Impersonal Impact, or Generalized Negative Attitudes Towards Media Influence?

Cited by 144 publications

References 31 publications

Online Gambling Advertising and the Third-Person Effect

Online Gambling Advertising and the Third-Person Effect

Effects of Political Campaign Materials on Party and Non-Party Voting Supporters

Third‐Person Effect: Perceptual and Behavioral Component

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