The causes of death in fire victims

Gormsen, H; Jeppesen, N.; Lund, Alf

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(84)90090-2

Cited by 58 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Mortality is invariably caused by toxic gases (17) in which carbon monoxide is the main culprit, with carbon dioxide of secondary importance. (24,25) The observed trends for CO 2 release rates mirrored those observed for the HRR (Figure 6) almost perfectly. However, Figure 11 shows that the measured CO release rate curves were more complex.…”

Section: Cone Calorimeter Fire Testingsupporting

confidence: 65%

Cone calorimeter study of polyethylene flame retarded with expandable graphite and intumescent fire-retardant additives

Kruger

Focke

Mhike

et al. 2014

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Polyethylene was flame retarded with an intumescent flame retardant at 27 wt.% and expandable graphite at 10 wt.% either on its own or in combination with 10 wt.% or 20 wt.% of the intumescent. Two grades of each flame retardant type were used. They differed primarily with respect to the onset temperature for exfoliation (commercially sourced expandable graphite types) or decomposition (intumescents). The latter were the highdecomposition-onset-temperature intumescent 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid phosphate and the commercially available low-decomposition-onset-temperature ethylenediamine phosphate. The fire performance of pressed sheets with a nominal thickness of 3.2 mm was tested in a cone calorimeter at a radiant flux of 35 kW m 2 . The best char yields were obtained with compositions containing 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid phosphate. Despite this, the best fire overall performance was realized using ethylenediamine phosphate, together with the lowexfoliation-onset-temperature expandable graphite. Formulations based on this intumescent compound ignited later, reached the peak heat release rate earlier, and also burned longer irrespective of the expandable graphite grade used. This can be attributed to the formation, at the burning surface, of a more cohesive char with better thermal and mass transfer barrier properties. This explains why compositions based on ethylenediamine phosphate as intumescent outperformed those containing 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid phosphate in terms of the peak heat release rate and other important fire indices.

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Section: Cone Calorimeter Fire Testingsupporting

confidence: 65%

Cone calorimeter study of polyethylene flame retarded with expandable graphite and intumescent fire-retardant additives

Kruger

Focke

Mhike

et al. 2014

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…Yapılan araştırmalarda, yangın olayları sonucu meydana gelen ölüm olaylarında ve eksoz gazına bağlı zehirlenmelerde COHb yanında MetHb konsantrasyonu da oldukça yük-sek bulunmuştur. Örneğin, eksoz gazı zehirlenmelerinde % 64.0 ± 10.5 MetHb saptanan çalışmalara rastlanmıştır (6,7,8). Araştırma- Kronik CO'e maruz kalan kişilerin (sigara içenlerin) kan örnek-lerinde belirlenen COHb değerleri Tablo 2'de gösterilmiştir.…”

Section: Materyalunclassified

“…(MetHb) tayinide istenir. Özellikle yapılan bazı araştırmalarda yangın olayları sonucu meydana gelen ölümlerde COHb yanında, postmortem kanda MetHb de (% 5.7-31.6) tespit edilmiştir (6). Yine buna benzer şekilde, eksoz gazına bağlı akut zehirlenme ve ölüm olaylarında MetHb konsantrasyonu oldukça yüksek-tir (7,8).…”

unclassified

Karbonmonoksit (CO) Zehirlenmesi ile Ölenlerde ve Sigara İçenlerde Karboksihemoglobin (COHb) ve Methemoglobin (MetHb) Düzeyleri : COHb and MetHb Levels in Victims of CO Poisoning and Cigarette Smokers

Vural¹,

Kahraman²

1994

Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi

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ÖZET CO zehirlenmesi sonucu ölen kişilerin (n:18) kanında postmor tem karboksihemoglobin (COHb) tayini Dubovvski'nin spektrofotometrik yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Ayrıca COHb yanında methemoglobin (MetHb) miktarı da spektrofotometrik yöntem ile araştırılmıştır. Postmortem kan Örneklerinde COHb düzeyi % 63-88 arasında (orta lama % 73.11 ± 6.90) ve MetHb düzeyi ise % 0.86-4.20 arasında (ortalama % 3.00 ± 0.87) bulunmuştur. Kan örneklerindeki COHb ve MetHb konsantrasyo alarmda, buzdolabı sıcaklığında 2 ay süreli bekletmenin ve heparin ilavesinin anlamlı bir kayba yol açmadığı gözlenmiştir (P > 0.05).Ayrıca CO'e kronik maruz kalan kişilerde (sigara içenlerde n: 100) COHb ve MetHb düzeyleri aynı yöntemle yapılmıştır. COHb ve MetHb düzeyleri, günde 1-9 tane içenlerde (n: 44) % 1.94 ± 0.11 COHb, % 1.19 ± 0.05 MetHb, 10-20 tane içenlerde (n: 23) % 3.25 ±0.19 COHb, % 1.47 ± 0.06 MetHb ve > 20 tane içenlerde ise (n: 31) % 4.36 ± 0.14 COHb, % 1.55 ±0.14 MetHb belirlenmiştir. COHb düzeyi sigara içen tüm gruplarda içmeyenlere göre ( % 0.86 ± 0.05) anlamlı yüksek bulunmuştur (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).

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“…Carbon monoxide is still likely to be the major toxicant in modern fires (Alarie 2002). The principal causes of death are carbon monoxide followed by carbon dioxide poisoning and/or oxygen deficiency, while the influence of heat is of minor importance (Gormsen et al 1984). As shown by the yield of CO in Fig.…”

Section: Smoke and Off-gases (Co And Co2) Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of PVDC on the Fire Performance of Ultra-Low Density Fiberboards (ULDFs)

Wu¹,

Chen²,

Huang³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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Poly vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride emulsions (PVDC) were added as a substitute for chlorinated paraffin (CP) in the preparation of ultra-low density fiberboards (ULDFs). The micromorphology and fire performance of ULDFs were investigated using a scanning electron microscope, limiting oxygen index instrument, and cone calorimeter. The results showed that PVDC specimens were coated with a regularly smooth film, while the distribution of CP inside CP specimens was uneven. The limiting oxygen index increased with the dosage of PVDC, then reached a plateau at 50 mL and 28%, slightly higher than CP specimens (27.3%). The peak of heat release rate, mean heat release rate, mean CO, and total smoke release of PVDC specimens was reduced 43.3%, 13.5%, 38.5%, and 51.5% lower than respective CP specimens, and with nearly the same total heat release (only 0.04 MJ/m 2 higher). Thus, PVDC exhibited excellent heat-reducing and smoke-suppressing properties and could replace CP in ULDFs.

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The causes of death in fire victims

Cited by 58 publications

References 7 publications

Cone calorimeter study of polyethylene flame retarded with expandable graphite and intumescent fire-retardant additives

Cone calorimeter study of polyethylene flame retarded with expandable graphite and intumescent fire-retardant additives

Karbonmonoksit (CO) Zehirlenmesi ile Ölenlerde ve Sigara İçenlerde Karboksihemoglobin (COHb) ve Methemoglobin (MetHb) Düzeyleri : COHb and MetHb Levels in Victims of CO Poisoning and Cigarette Smokers

Effect of PVDC on the Fire Performance of Ultra-Low Density Fiberboards (ULDFs)

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