The Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults in a Developing Country

Salman, Beena; Imtiaz, Salman; Qureshi, Ruqaya; Dhrolia, Murtaza; Ahmad, Aasim

doi:10.4172/2576-3962.1000105

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…According to Salman et al (2018), diabetes is the leading cause of CKD in developing countries (37.50%). This is due to several factors, including ethnic and socio-economic differences and the varying quality of health services between urban and rural areas.…”

Section: Relationship Between Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease At mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, and Smoking as Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Productive Age

Sinusi

Hargono

2021

JBE

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Background: Based on the Indonesia basic health research report in 2018, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the productive age group in Indonesia had increased from the previous year, to 1.97%. This condition can cause various complications that contribute to the high morbidity, which affects quality of life and productivity, so risk factors for CKD need to be understood to prevent the occurrence of the disease. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with CKD in the Indonesian productive-age population. Method: This study used data sourced from Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS-5) with a cross-sectional research design. The study population was composed of all Indonesian residents who were respondents of IFLS-5. The research sample was made up of respondents aged 15–64 for whom complete information was available. The sample size was 29,120 respondents. The variables analyzed in this study were diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, and CKD. The analysis method used was the chi-square test. Results: Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between CKD and diabetes (p = 0.01; prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.71; 95% CI = 1.74–4.22), hypertension (p = 0.01; PR = 2.62; 95% CI = 2.08–3.30), obesity (p = 0.01; PR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.25–2.23), and smoking (p = 0.01; PR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.17–1.75) in the productive age group in Indonesia. Conclusion: Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and smoking have a significant relationship with CKD in the productive age group in Indonesia.

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Section: Relationship Between Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease At mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, and Smoking as Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Productive Age

Sinusi

Hargono

2021

JBE

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“…8 The incidence and prevalence of CKDu in Pakistani hospitals is 9.1% and 26.1% respectively. 9,10 No community-based studies have been done so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the poultry industry on kidney and genitourinary health in Pakistan

2019

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Pakistan is experiencing a “double burden’’ of disease. Under-development is associated with illnesses like infections and nutritional deficiency, and is accompanied with diseases linked with development, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer and chronic kidney disease. In Pakistan, renal and genitourinary diseases are an important, unaddressed health issues. Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a recognized form of renal failure in Pakistan. A possible cause of CKDu is toxins such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals associated with renal and genitourinary diseases. The poultry industry is an important source of both heavy metal toxins and also mycotoxins spread in the process of farming. Of the numerous mycotoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin are well-known for their hazardous effects on genitourinary and renal parenchyma respectively. We reviewed the literature using PubMed and Google Scholar databases for levels of these toxins in various constituents of chicken farming like chicken feed, meat, litter and human drinking water contamination in various parts of the country. We found that these toxins are in higher levels than recommended. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.ICON-Suppl.1718 How to cite this:Imtiaz S, Alam A, Salman B. The role of the poultry industry on kidney and genitourinary health in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. Special Supplement ICON 2020. 2020;36(1):S67-S74. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.ICON-Suppl.1718 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Very few hospitalbased studies are available that were mostly done in large cities of the country. 7,8 The data showed quite different demography of CKD in Pakistan. The most common cause of CKD is chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) followed by CKD due to kidney stones.…”

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confidence: 99%