The causes and consequences of stigma among individuals involved in the criminal legal system: A systematic review.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the types of stigmatized attributes that have been assessed and the causes and consequences of stigma for individuals involved in the criminal legal system (CLS). PubMed, GoogleScholar, and APA PsycInfo databases were searched to identify studies for inclusion through March 2021. Eligible studies were peer reviewed, quantitative, and assessed stigma from the perspective of the person involved in the CLS. Fifty-nine studies were included (total n = 21,738), assessing stigma associated with criminal involvement, HIV, substance use, race/ethnicity, help-seeking, and others. Experiencing criminal involvement stigma was linked to poor well-being, but less so for racial/ ethnic minorities. Experiencing racial/ethnic stigma was associated with recidivism risk, and substance use stigma was associated with substance use risk. Several stigmas intersected to impact treatment engagement and well-being. In conclusion, individuals involved in the CLS experience many stigmatized statuses that impact their well-being, treatment adherence, community integration, and criminal behavior. Stigma must be addressed among individuals involved in the CLS and the systems they interact with to reduce health inequity and recidivism risk. Clinical Impact StatementPeople involved in the criminal legal system are among the most highly stigmatized people globally, even years after they have completed their legal sanctions. People with legal system involvement often have a variety of stigmatized statuses that may intersect to create barriers to reentry after incarceration. Results from this study show that stigma tied to criminal involvement, race/ethnicity, substance use, and other statuses negatively impacted outcomes such as well-being, treatment engagement, and recidivism risk. Stigma must be addressed among individuals in the criminal legal system to increase the chances of successful reentry and reduce the burden of recidivism on society.