The Causal Relationship between Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure and the Risk of Depression: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

Abstract

Depression, which has been ranked as an important cause of disability globally, is a common psychological disorder that affects physical and mental health [1]. A study demonstrated a high incidence rate that the estimated prevalence of outpatients with depression or depressive symptoms was about 27.0% [2]. Another study revealed that the prevalence of depression in patients with different types of cancer ranged from 3% to 31% [3]. About 3% to 4% of children and adolescents with