The causal link among militarization, economic growth, CO2 emission, and energy consumption

Abstract

This paper examines the long-run and the causal relationship among CO emissions, militarization, economic growth, and energy consumption for USA for the period 1960-2013. Using the bound test approach to cointegration, a short-run as well as a long-run relationship among the variables with a positive and a statistically significant relationship between CO emissions and militarization was found. To determine the causal link, MWALD and Rao's F tests were applied. According to Rao's F tests, the evidence of a unidirectional causality running from militarization to CO emissions, from energy consumption to CO emissions, and from militarization to energy consumption all without a feedback was found. Further, the results determined that 26% of the forecast-error variance of CO emissions was explained by the forecast error variance of militarization and 60% by energy consumption.

Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint

“…Furthermore, the studies of Bildirici (2017a, 2017b, 2018) found the unidirectional causal link running from militarization to CO 2 emissions for the USA and G7 countries, respectively. The findings of Givens (2014) also supported the treadmill of destruction theory (Bildirici, 2017c). On the other hand, the study of Bradford and Stoner (2017) revealed a much weaker relationship between per capita military spending and CO 2 emissions for 62 countries.…”

“…These findings confirm the existence of destruction theory for the case of Turkey. This theory suggests that whether there is an armed conflict or not in the host country, militarization increase environmental degradation (Bildirici, 2017c). Moreover, financial development has a negative and statistically significant impact on CO 2 emissions and ecological footprint.…”

“…The main factors, among others, that are believed to be responsible for environmental degradation are economic growth, energy consumption, financial development (see Mbarek, Saidi, & Rahman, 2017; Rahman, 2017; Rahman & Kashem, 2017; Shahbaz, Hye, Tiwari, & Leitão, 2013; Shahbaz, Solarin, Mahmood, & Arouri, 2013). Recently, militarization has also been found as a variable that affects CO 2 emissions by some researchers (see Bildirici, 2017c, 2017a, 2017b, 2018). Therefore, the past empirical studies may be reviewed under four categories.…”

Askeri Harcamalar, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliği Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye İçin Yapısal Kırılmalı Nedensellik Testinden Kanıtlar

“…Çalışmada karbon emisyonları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında bir nedenselliğin tespit edilememesi sonucu Öztürk ve Acaravcı (2010) ve Gökmenoğlu ve Taşpınar (2016) çalışmalarının sonuçları ile örtüşmektedir. Literatürde var olan çalışmalar (Bildirici, 2017a;Bildirici, 2017c;Bildirici, 2018;Bildirici, 2019) genel olarak askeri harcamalardan karbon emisyonlarına doğru tek yönlü bir ilişki tespit ederken; bu çalışmada değişkenler arasında bir nedensel ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Bu durum Türkiye için askeri harcamaların belirtilen dönemde çevre kirliliğine yol açmadığının bir göstergesi olarak yorumlanabilir.…”

“…Dünya Savaşı sonrasında, ekonomik büyüme ve dünyadaki silahlanma yarışının bir sonucu olarak karbondioksit emisyon seviyelerinin hızla yükseldiği bilinmektedir. Bunun nedeni ise denizaltı, savaş gemisi, tanklar, uçaklar, helikopterler ve diğer savaş makinelerinin çok miktarda fosil yakıt enerjisi tüketmesidir (Bildirici, 2017c). Askeri faaliyetlerin devamı için petrol gibi çok miktarda fosil yakıt enerjisi gerekmektedir (Smith, 1990).…”