The CatWalk gait analysis in assessment of both dynamic and static gait changes after adult rat sciatic nerve resection

Deumens, Ronald; Jaken, R.; Marcus, Marco A. E.; Joosten, Elbert A.J.

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.04.009

Cited by 152 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…From these three points the body elongation can also be found. Catwalk XT is a novel system to analyse the gait of mice (Deumens et al, 2007). The mice walk over a LED illuminated glass plate which reflects the light of all points within the glass plate except for where the animal is in direct contact.…”

Section: Actimetrics (2010) Has Four Vision Systems Freeze Frame Watmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief review of the application of machine vision in livestock behaviour analysis

Tscharke

Banhazi²

2016

JAI

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It is desirable to increase the frequency between livestock welfare assessments to enhance problem identification and consumer confidence in livestock welfare management. However, animal welfare is difficult to monitor in practice, due to the inefficiencies involved in manually documenting and determining, animal behaviour, social interaction and health condition of large numbers of animals. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a welfare assessment relies on the intuition of the observer which may vary considerably between assessors. Hence, this review investigates the application of machine vision systems to recognise and monitor the behaviour of animals in a quantitative manner. Behaviour-recognition concepts, techniques, and current behaviour monitoring systems are reviewed. Findings indicate that further research is required to develop systems that can monitor the behaviour and welfare of animals' more efficiently and effectively in commercially realistic environments. Introduction: Livestock Behaviour and Vision SystemsMeasuring and assessing the behaviour of livestock is important as it can be used to indicate their welfare status (Dutta et al., 2015;Porto et al., 2014). Behaviour is formed from an animal's continuous interaction with its environment (Figure 1). Animal behaviour is a response to an internal stimuli (physiological) such as hunger or an external stimuli such as climate. If the goal of the behaviour is not, or cannot, be achieved the animal may change its behaviour or physiological response (Busse et al., 2015). There is potential for welfare problems to arise when there are inadequate environmental enrichments to support the behavioural needs of livestock.It has been argued that the husbandry methods used in intensive livestock production have resulted in the deprivation of some naturally occurring behaviours (Fraser, 1983). Producers have a strong interest in maintaining the welfare of their livestock from both economic and ethical perspectives. As often proactive welfare management has a positive effect on a farm's production efficiency and the quality and marketability of the end product (Kashiha et al., 2013).The observation processes currently used to measure livestock behaviour are subjective, as farm workers perform the welfare assessment. The worker's involvement in these tasks are necessary and therefore increase the demand on the labour and costs associated with monitoring animal behaviour. These factors have potential to influence the level of attention each animal receives (Oczak et al., 2013;Pereira et al., 2013). Thus, behavioural measurements are open for interpretation and have potential to be overlooked.Given the problems mentioned above, this review investigates the application of machine vision systems to recognise and monitor the behaviour of animals in a quantitative manner. Specifically in this article, behaviour-recognition concepts, techniques, and current behaviour monitoring systems are reviewed. Applying machine vision systems to the behaviour recognition taskTo over...

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Section: Actimetrics (2010) Has Four Vision Systems Freeze Frame Watmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief review of the application of machine vision in livestock behaviour analysis

Tscharke

Banhazi²

2016

JAI

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“…The methodology for CatWalk training is described elsewhere. 22,23 During the training period, a 12-14 g/day food deprivation protocol was used to motivate the animals. CatWalk gait analysis was performed 1 day before surgery and 3 months after the operation, with the values recorded on the day before the operation used as baseline.…”

Section: Catwalk Gait Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To avoid human error, the independent researcher performing the CatWalk gait analysis was blind to the rats' condition. We selected the experimental parameters according to the published literature, 23,24 and the definitions of these parameters are included in Table 1.…”

Section: Catwalk Gait Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The speed of gait may have a strong influence on many gait parameters, including print area, stance, and swing duration. 23 So, the animals were continuously trained and their food restricted throughout the entire experimental period to ensure consistent weight gain and performance between animals. A comparison of the body weight and speed of gait between rats who were 1-day preoperation and 3-month post-operation showed no statistical difference between the two groups ( Fig.…”

Section: Catwalk Gait Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reconstruction of atonic bladder innervation after spinal cord injury: A bladder reflex arc with afferent and efferent pathways

Luo

et al. 2015

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Background: Establishing bladder reflex arcs only with the efferent pathway to induce micturition after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been successful. However, the absence of sensory function and micturition desires can lead to serious complications. Objectives: To reconstruct a bladder reflex arc with both afferent and efferent pathways to achieve atonic bladder innervation after SCI. Methods: A reflex arc was established by microanastomosis of the S2 dorsal root to the peripheral process of the L5 dorsal ganglion and the L5 ventral root to the S2 ventral root. The functions of the reflex arc were evaluated using electrophysiology, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) tracing, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunocytochemistry analysis. Hind-paw motion was evaluated by CatWalk gait. Results: Compound action potentials and compound muscle action potentials were recorded at the right L5 dorsal root following electrical stimulation of right S2 dorsal root. Similar to the control side, these were not significantly different before or after the spinal cord destruction between L6 and S4. WGA-HRP tracing and CGRP immunocytochemistry showed that construction of the afferent and efferent pathways of the bladder reflex arc encouraged axonal regeneration of motor and sensory nerves, which then made contact with the anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord, ultimately reestablishing axoplasmic transportation. Gait analysis showed that at 3 months following the operation, only the regularity index was significantly different as compared with 1 day before the operation, other parameters showing no difference. Conclusion: Bladder reflex arc with the afferent and efferent pathways reconstructs the micturition function without great influence on the motion of leg.

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“…The CatWalk system has been used to assess static and dynamic gait parameters in a variety of central and peripheral nerve injury models. 7,13,14,20,44 Vrinten and Hamers described a possible approach that used the CatWalk system for quantifying mechanical allodynia in a rat CCI model for neuropathic pain; they found a strong correlation between von Frey mechanical withdrawal thresholds and parameters obtained from the CatWalk gait analysis. 45 Although some limited studies describe the association between traditional assessment methods such as the von Frey and the CatWalk systems, 12 the neurophysiological changes and molecular mechanism of alteration in the microenvironment around injury sites remain unclear.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comprehensive analysis of neurobehavior associated with histomorphological alterations in a chronic constrictive nerve injury model through use of the CatWalk XT system

Chiang

Sheu

Cheng

et al. 2014

JNS

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Object Neuropathic pain is debilitating, and when chronic, it significantly affects the patient physically, psychologically, and socially. The neurobehavior of animals used as a model for chronic constriction injury seems analogous to the neurobehavior of humans with neuropathic pain. However, no data depicting the severity of histomorphological alterations of the nervous system associated with graded changes in neurobehavior are available. To determine the severity of histomorphological alteration related to neurobehavior, the authors created a model of chronic constrictive injury of varying intensity in rats and used the CatWalk XT system to evaluate neurobehavior. Methods A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250–300 g each, were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups that would receive sham surgery or 1, 2, 3, or 4 ligatures of 3-0 chromic gut loosely ligated around the left sciatic nerve. Neurobehavior was assessed by CatWalk XT, thermal hyperalgesia, and mechanic allodynia before injury and periodically after injury. The nerve tissue from skin to dorsal spinal cord was obtained for histomorphological analysis 1 week after injury, and brain evoked potentials were analyzed 4 weeks after injury. Results. Significant differences in expression of nerve growth factor existed in skin, and the differences were associated with the intensity of nerve injury. After injury, expression of cluster of differentiation 68 and tumor necrosis factor–α was increased, and expression of S100 protein in the middle of the injured nerve was decreased. Increased expression of synaptophysin in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal spinal cord correlated with the intensity of injury. The amplitude of sensory evoked potential increased with greater severity of nerve damage. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia did not differ significantly among treatment groups at various time points. CatWalk XT gait analysis indicated significant differences for print areas, maximum contact maximum intensity, stand phase, swing phase, single stance, and regular index, with sham and/or intragroup comparisons. Conclusions. Histomorphological and electrophysiological alterations were associated with severity of nerve damage. Subtle neurobehavioral differences were detected by the CatWalk XT system but not by mechanical allodynia or thermal hyperalgesia. Thus, the CatWalk XT system should be a useful tool for monitoring changes in neuropathic pain, especially subtle alterations.

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The CatWalk gait analysis in assessment of both dynamic and static gait changes after adult rat sciatic nerve resection

Cited by 152 publications

References 27 publications

A brief review of the application of machine vision in livestock behaviour analysis

A brief review of the application of machine vision in livestock behaviour analysis

Reconstruction of atonic bladder innervation after spinal cord injury: A bladder reflex arc with afferent and efferent pathways

Comprehensive analysis of neurobehavior associated with histomorphological alterations in a chronic constrictive nerve injury model through use of the CatWalk XT system

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