The catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide over iron surfaces: A surface science investigation

Dwyer, Daniel J.

doi:10.1016/0021-9517(84)90168-4

Cited by 89 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…9B) at binding energies of: 284.8 eV due to sp 3 C from contamination, 283.1-283.4 eV associated to carbidic carbon and at ca. 281.3 eV originated by graphitic carbon [55,56].…”

Section: Structural and Surface Characteristics Of Used Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mn loading onto MnFeO nanocomposites for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction

Al-Dossary

Ismail

Fierro

et al. 2015

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

110

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“…9B) at binding energies of: 284.8 eV due to sp 3 C from contamination, 283.1-283.4 eV associated to carbidic carbon and at ca. 281.3 eV originated by graphitic carbon [55,56].…”

Section: Structural and Surface Characteristics Of Used Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mn loading onto MnFeO nanocomposites for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction

Al-Dossary

Ismail

Fierro

et al. 2015

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

110

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“…Appearance of amorphous and graphitic carbonaceous compounds on the surface of supported/unsupported and/or promoted/unpromoted iron catalysts have been reported by several researchers [7,15,[29][30][31][32]. Dwyer and Hardenbergh [32] reported the formation of graphite-like carbonaceous compound on Fe foil used for FTS reaction by in situ XPS and observed that the deactivation of Fe foil accompanies with the increase of C 1s peak intensity for the graphite-like carbonaceous compound.…”

Section: Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dwyer and Hardenbergh [32] reported the formation of graphite-like carbonaceous compound on Fe foil used for FTS reaction by in situ XPS and observed that the deactivation of Fe foil accompanies with the increase of C 1s peak intensity for the graphite-like carbonaceous compound. However, Shroff et al [7] reported the formation of amorphous carbon layers on iron carbide particles after the FTS reaction with precipitated iron based catalyst while Jin et al [33] from the same research group observed the appearance of large amount of the graphitic carbon layer on catalyst pretreated by CO at higher temperature (773 K).…”

Section: Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation of Fischer-Tropsch Wax Products from Ultrafine Iron Catalyst Particles

Sarkar¹,

Neathery²,

Davis³

2006

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A fundamental filtration study was started to investigate the separation of FischerTropsch Synthesis (FTS) liquids from iron-based catalyst particles. Slurry-phase FTS in slurry bubble column reactor systems is the preferred mode of operation since the reaction is highly exothermic. Consequently, heavy wax products in one approach may be separated from catalyst particles before being removed from the reactor system.Achieving an efficient wax product separation from iron-based catalysts is one of the most challenging technical problems associated with slurry-phase iron-based FTS and is a key factor for optimizing operating costs. The separation problem is further compounded by attrition of iron catalyst particles and the formation of ultra-fine particles.Existing pilot-scale equipment was modified to include a filtration test apparatus.After undergoing an extensive plant shakedown period, filtration tests with cross-flow filter modules using simulated FTS wax slurry were conducted. The focus of these early tests was to find adequate mixtures of polyethylene wax to simulate FTS wax. Analysis techniques for catalyst particle size distribution were also developed. Initial analyses of the slurry and filter permeate particles focused on catalyst particle attrition and the formation of ultra-fine iron carbide and/or carbon particles. The effects of chemical and physical changes of the catalyst slurry during activation/synthesis on the filtration properties were also studied.A study of various molecular weight waxes was initiated to determine the effect of wax physical properties on the permeation rate without catalyst present. It was found that the permeate flux was inversely proportional to the nominal average molecular 3 weight of the polyethylene wax. Even without catalyst particles present in the filtrate, the filter membranes experience fouling during an induction period on the order of several days on-line.Another long-term filtration test was initiated using a batch of ultrafine iron catalyst that was previously activated with CO in a separate continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The permeate flux stabilized more rapidly than that experienced with unactivated catalyst tests.A series of crossflow filtration experiments were initiated to study the effect of olefins and oxygenate on the filtration flux and membrane performance. Iron-based FTS reactor waxes contain a significant amount of oxygenates, depending on the catalyst formulation and operating conditions. Mono-olefins and aliphatic alcohols were doped into an activated iron catalyst slurry (with Polywax) to test their influence on filtration properties. The olefin concentrations were varied from 5 to 25wt% and oxygenates from 6 to 17 wt% to simulate a range of reactor slurries reported in the literature. The addition of an alcohol (1-dodecanol) was found to decrease the permeation rate while the olefin added (1-hexadecene) had no effect on the permeation rate. A passive flux maintenance technique was tested that can temporarily increase the...

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“…To bridge this pressure gap, methods must be developed to remove the catalyst from the high-pressure and high-temperature environment of the reactor and insert it into the UHV analysis chamber of the XPS system. (112,(120)(121)(122)(123)(124)(125)(126)(127)(128)(129)(130)(131)(132)(133) In addition, the chemical composition and structure of the catalysts must be maintained during this transfer. Reduced or sulfided catalysts cannot be exposed, even for a fraction of second, to air since they readily oxidize.…”

Section: Uhv Catalyst Treatment Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This situation means that the reactors can now be separated from the UHV analysis chamber by one or more valves, and a combination of transfer rods and sample trolleys can be used to transport the samples. (120,(131)(132)(133) The catalyst is typically ground into a fine powder and then pressed into a pellet or disk and mounted on a holder that can be readily transferred by the rod and trolley systems. (120) In addition, if several different types of supported catalysts are to be examined, the issue of cross-contamination must be addressed.…”

Section: Uhv Catalyst Treatment Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Modification of Surfaces

Castner

2002

Specimen Handling, Preparation, and Treatments in Surface Characterization

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The catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide over iron surfaces: A surface science investigation

Cited by 89 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of Mn loading onto MnFeO nanocomposites for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction

Effect of Mn loading onto MnFeO nanocomposites for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction

Separation of Fischer-Tropsch Wax Products from Ultrafine Iron Catalyst Particles

Chemical Modification of Surfaces

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