The Case Fatality Rate in COVID-19 Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Global Health Challenge and Paradigm in the Current Pandemic

Abstract

Purpose of Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is identified from Wuhan, China, and has spread almost worldwide. Recently, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed to kill millions of people worldwide and is dangerous to society health, survival, and livelihood. The people with cardiovascular problems are noticed as most common patients of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a greater risk of mortality and morbidity in these patients than other patients of COVID-19. In the heart, expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and response effect of hyperactivity with angiotensin II associated to the renin-angiotensin mechanism are key factors of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure. Recent Findings Mortality rates have been observed about 10.5% cases in patients with cardiovascular disease; however, a mortality rate of 52% was recorded in patients with heart failure, while 12% recovered ultimately. The occupancy of intense injury controlled by troponin elevation was a noteworthy factor in relation to mortality. Among 187 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, about 35% were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) history and 28% with raised troponin. Troponin elevation was identified more frequently (55%) in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Mortality rate in patients without cardiovascular diseases and normal troponin was 7.6%, normal troponin and cardiovascular disease with 13.3%, augmented troponin and without cardiovascular disease 37.5%, however 69.4% among cardiovascular disease and advanced troponin. Summary The study reflected a significant association of case fatality rate (CFR) to COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases which supposed to be the most common dangerous risk factor and health challenge during the current pandemic situation.

Unraveling the molecular crosstalk between Atherosclerosis and COVID-19 comorbidity

“…Thus, patients with atherosclerosis if infected with SARS- CoV-2 may be are more prone to COVID-19 mediated death owing to such cytokine outrage. This proposition has also been echoed in the previous reports [ 5 , 6 , 8 ]. Moreover, endothelial dysfunction is a common factor in COVID-19 and atherosclerosis because constriction of the lumen of large arteries in either lungs or heart can obstruct blood flow [ 23 ].…”

“…Concurrently, several reports from the epicenter of COVID-19 i.e., Wuhan, China had stated that patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) have greater risk of COVID-19 mediated implications [ [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] ]. Several studies from different countries have documented that mortality rate of COVID-19 patients having pre-existing cardiovascular disease varies between 11%-19% [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] ].…”

Recent Advancement in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine Formulation: a New Paradigm of Nanotechnology in Strategic Combating of COVID-19 Pandemic

“…Based on clinical evidence, there are two major requirements to control the COVID-19 pandemic: first to overcome infection rates and second to reduce mortality [ 10 ]. Recently, no approved drugs or vaccines are prepared for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19 [ 11 ]. Still, the ongoing vaccines are in the second and third phases of clinical trials.…”

“…Therefore, the appropriate and effective medical treatment for the current COVID-19 infection is an immediate demand for mankind [10]. Early detection of the infection is essential for defence among all states including symptomatic and asymptomatic populace [3,11,14]. Numerous forthcoming drugs that are thought to be unswervingly appropriate, as well as new therapeutic drugs are being produced, including viral entry inhibitors, replication inhibitors, protease inhibitors, heterocyclic antivirals, nanodrug delivery systems, and biological therapeutic drugs [15].…”

Effect of Covid-19 on School Education System: Challenges and Opportunities to Adopt Online Teaching and Learning

“…Person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was found to occur through respiratory globules or fomites when individuals are in close contact with a tainted human (Prajapati and Kumar, 2020;Upadhyay et al, 2020b). Regardless of this, other modes, for example, airborne transmission and contaminated utensilcontact transmission are additionally guessed (Bai et al, 2020;Dan et al, 2020;Girisha et. al.(2020)).…”