“…Empirical research on child development has provided ample evidence pointing to the undesirable outcomes when physical punishment is used to discipline children (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Grogan-Kaylor, Ma, & Graham-Bermann, 2017). The use of physical punishment has been linked to child abuse as well as problematic child outcomes, such as higher rates of aggressive behavior and substance use, both in the U.S. (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) and internationally (Burlaka, 2016, 2017; Ma, Grogan-Kaylor, & Delva, 2016; Gershoff et al, 2010; Lansford et al, 2005).…”