The cardiovascular system in the pre-Hippocratic era

Loukas, Marios; Tubbs, R. Shane; Louis, Robert G.; Pinyard, Jeremy; Vaid, Sumreen; Curry, Brian

doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.122

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The Western tradition, starting with the ancient Greeks, placed a great emphasis on dissection and the development of surgical and invasive medical techniques (Loukas et al, 2007). The Chinese, bound by Confucian doctrine, developed methods of understanding and explaining the human body, often without the benefit of direct observation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such harsh criticism overlooks some of the surprisingly accurate observations made in ancient Chinese texts, such as the Huang Di Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon of Medicine) attributed to Huang di. For example, it stated that, ''all the blood in the body is under control of the heart and flows continuously in a circle and never stops'' (Loukas et al, 2007). This account predated William Harvey's discovery of blood circulation by roughly 5,000 years (Persaud, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomy in ancient China: The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon of Medicine and Wang Qingren's Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine

et al. 2010

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Although clouded by mysticism and ancestral worship, early Chinese civilization did make many important and often overlooked contributions to our current understanding of human anatomy. This article reviews these early contributions and focuses on the landmark writings of two of the most influential Chinese texts, the Huang Di Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon of Medicine) attributed to Huang di, and Wang Qingren's Yi Lin Gai Cuo (Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine). These sources made significant contributions to the Chinese understanding of anatomy and served to promote the study of human anatomy both in early China and in regional countries like Japan. Clin. Anat. 23:364-369, 2010. V V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy in ancient China: The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon of Medicine and Wang Qingren's Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine

et al. 2010

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“…Notably, it was presumably Alcmaeon (500-450 B.C.) having noticed that in slaughtered animals some vessels are empty of blood and others are not and in so, differentiated arteries from veins [9,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aristotelian account of “heart and veins”

Shoja

Tubbs

Loukas

et al. 2008

International Journal of Cardiology

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“…Aos templos acorriam os enfermos que buscavam, mediante a prática dos sacerdotes -conjuros, cânticos, dieta, banhos, ginástica, sono e interpretação de sonhos -, a atenuação de padecimentos e cura. Desses sacerdotes, denominados asclepíades, descende Hipócrates, que iniciará o período técnico da medicina 3 .…”

Section: Conforme Laín Entralgounclassified

Tradição e fundamentos éticos hipocráticos aplicáveis à terminalidade da vida

Magalhães

Nunes

2014

Rev. Bioét.

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ResumoA medicina ocidental tem sua origem na Grécia antiga, quando o pensamento mítico e a prática médica sobrenatural e empírica dão lugar a uma racionalidade médica -tékhnē-iatrikē -baseada na observação da natureza. A tékhnē-iatrikē compreende a enfermidade e o enfermo como partes constitutivas da natureza, regidas por leis universais e normas preconcebidas, não devendo, por isso, ser utilizados meios irracionais para superá-las. A racionalidade técnica dominante na medicina atual afastou a prática médica contemporâ-nea da arte hipocrática, e os avanços da ciência e da tecnologia proporcionam condições de manutenção da vida que geram dilemas éticos em pacientes terminais, relegando a dignidade humana a segundo plano. A ética hipocrática, baseando-se no respeito às leis naturais e à pessoa humana, é importante instrumento que, aliado à cultura, à técnica e à arte, proporcionam ao médico o exercício da medicina em conformidade com os preceitos de sua tradição. Palavras-chave: Técnica. Natureza. Humanismo. Moral. Morte com dignidade. Resumen Tradición y fundamentos éticos hipocráticos aplicables a la vida terminalLa medicina occidental tiene sus orígenes en la antigua Grecia, cuando el pensamiento mítico y la práctica mé-dica sobrenatural y empírica dan lugar a una racionalidad médica -tékhnē iatrikē -basado en la observación de la naturaleza. La tékhnē iatrikē entiende la enfermedad y el enfermo como partes constituyentes de la naturaleza, que se rigen por leyes universales y normas preconcebidas, y por eso no se debe utilizarse medios irracionales para superarlas. La racionalidad técnica dominante en la medicina actual distanció la práctica de la medicina contemporánea del arte hipocrático, y los avances de la ciencia y la tecnología ofrecen condiciones del mantenimiento de la vida que generan dilemas éticos en los pacientes terminales, relegando la dignidad humana a un segundo plano. La ética hipocrática, basándose en el respeto a las leyes naturales y a la persona humana, es una importante herramienta que, combinada con la cultura, el arte y la técnica, proporcionan al médico la práctica de la medicina de acuerdo con los preceptos de su tradición. Palabras-clave: Técnica. Naturaleza. Humanismo. Moral. Muerte con dignidad. Abstract Hippocratic tradition and ethical foundations applicable to the life terminalityOccidental medicine has its origins in ancient Greece, when mythical thoughts and supernatural and empirical medical practice gave place to ideas which favored the development of the pre-technical era of medicine -tékhnē iatrikē -based on observations of nature. Tékhnē iatrikē understands the illness and the sick as constitutive parts of nature, driven by universal laws and preconceived rules, and, as a consequence, no irrational means should be used to surpass them. The technical rationality dominant in current medicine has departed contemporary medical practice from the Hippocratic art, and advances in science and technology allow conditions of maintenance of life that bring ethical dilemmas in termin...

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The cardiovascular system in the pre-Hippocratic era

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Anatomy in ancient China: The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon of Medicine and Wang Qingren's Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine

Anatomy in ancient China: The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon of Medicine and Wang Qingren's Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine

The Aristotelian account of “heart and veins”

Tradição e fundamentos éticos hipocráticos aplicáveis à terminalidade da vida

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