The cardiopulmonary effects of severe blood loss in anesthetized horses

Trans‐Arterial Coil Embolization of the Internal Carotid Artery in Standing Horses

“…Although TACE under general anesthesia has been described as an effective treatment for GPM, we report successful use of the technique in standing horses, which avoids general anesthesia and recovery complications, decreases total time of intervention (anesthesia and surgical procedure time), and decreases cost by approximately one‐third.…”

“…Under fluoroscopic guidance, each artery is occluded proximal and distal to the rupture site. Affected horses are often in advanced shock, which makes general anesthesia a risk …”

Polymorphic tachycardia in an anaesthetised horse with an undiagnosed pheochromocytoma undergoing emergency coeliotomy

“…Factors which in the present case could have favoured the development of tachycardia and paroxysmal polymorphic tachyarrhythmias are hypoxia,15 hypercapnia16 17 acidosis,18 severe hyperlactataemia, sympathetic stimulation,16 17 and low stroke volume and hypotension. Horses with colic can have an increased risk of developing ventricular tachycardia (VT),19 20 whereas horses with acute severe bleeding do not typically develop arrhythmias nor increased HR 21. While altered electrolyte homeostasis could theoretically lead to increased arrhythmogenesis, no correlation has been found in the equine colic population regarding electrolyte disturbances and the development of arrhythmias 19.…”

Investigation of perioperative and anesthetic variables affecting short‐term survival of horses with small intestinal strangulating lesions

“…Tachycardia during general anesthesia may result from pre‐existing sympathetic stimulation, or may develop intraoperatively from hypoxemia, nociception, hypovolemia, and endotoxemia . Severe hypercapnia or severe blood loss in anesthetized horses is not necessarily associated with increased heart rate . Intraoperative hypoxemia may happen because of ventilation‐perfusion mismatch or poor perfusion of tissue, which could result in tachycardia.…”