The Cardiac, Respiratory, and Electrical Phenomena Involved in the Emotion of Fear.

Blatz, W. E.

doi:10.1037/h0071039

Cited by 62 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…While often considered to be related to the emotion of surprise (Ekman, Friesen, and Simons, 1985). others have identified it not only with surprise, but'with fear and anger as well (Blatz, 1925;Landis and Hunt, 1939;Skaggs, 1926). Interestingly enough, the epinephrine-like physiological pattern to startle that was noted above is also the characteristic pattern found to be produced by fear-inducing situations (AX, 1953;Schacter, 1957).…”

Section: Rationale For the Use Of Startlementioning

confidence: 86%

Performance recovery following startle: A laboratory approach to the study of behavioral response to sudden aircraft emergencies

Thackray¹

1988

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Section: Rationale For the Use Of Startlementioning

confidence: 86%

Performance recovery following startle: A laboratory approach to the study of behavioral response to sudden aircraft emergencies

Thackray¹

1988

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…Some positive features of heart rate are as follows. First, despite its variability, HR has been shown to be a very reliable indicator of emotional state in laboratory animals (Candland, Pack, & Matthews, 1967) as well as human subjects (Blatz, 1925;Kimmel & Bevil, 1985). Indeed, HR has been widely used in research with human infants (Campos, 1976;Sroufe, 1979) and adults (Obrist, 1981;Obrist, Lawler, & Gaebelin, 1974).…”

Section: Heart Rate As a Measure Of Emotional Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of maternal presence on the fear response to an unfamiliar environment as measured by heart rate in rats as a function of age

Richardson

Siegel

Campbell

1988

Developmental Psychobiology

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Rats 16 to 60 days of age were placed in an unfamiliar environment either alone or in the presence of an anesthetized lactating dam. Rats of all ages show a dramatic increase in fear, as measured by heart rate (HR), when placed alone in an unfamiliar environment. Adult rats, however, show a rapid decline in heart rate during the course of a 90-min session, whereas 16-day-old rats show no significant decrease in HR during the same period. These results suggest that the adult rats become less fearful of the test environment over time, but that the 16-day-olds maintain a high level of fear throughout the 90-min test period. Twenty-three- and 30-day-old rats show an adultlike pattern of adaptation to the unfamiliar environment, i.e., their heart rates return partially but not completely to baseline levels within the 90-min session. When an anesthetized lactating dam is present in the test environment, a strikingly different pattern of results is obtained. Heart rate in the 16-day-old rat is immediately reduced to near baseline levels whereas in the young adult (60-day-old) rat the presence of the anesthetized dam has no effect on either initial HR or rate of adaptation. Again the 23- and 30-day-old rats showed an intermediate pattern of adaptation. In two follow-up experiments the effects of adding (Expt. 2) or removing (Expt. 3) an anesthetized dam on the 16-day-old rats' response to an unfamiliar environment was examined. Both experiments showed that animals were more fearful when the dam was absent from the environment than when it was present.

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“…Experimentally inducing emotions is the most rigorous means of testing their causal influence on psychological and biological variables. Indeed, there is a rich history of inducing basic emotions in psychology laboratories with numerous methods (e.g., Ax, 1953;Blatz, 1925). However, not all emotion induction methods are equally effective, and researchers are often unsure of which method to use.…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental Methods for Inducing Basic Emotions: A Qualitative Review

2018

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Experimental emotion inductions provide the strongest causal evidence of the effects of emotions on psychological and physiological outcomes. In the present qualitative review, we evaluated five common experimental emotion induction techniques: visual stimuli, music, autobiographical recall, situational procedures, and imagery. For each technique, we discuss the extent to which they induce six basic emotions: anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, fear, and sadness. For each emotion, we discuss the relative influences of the induction methods on subjective emotional experience and physiological responses (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure). Based on the literature reviewed, we make emotion-specific recommendations for induction methods to use in experiments.

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The Cardiac, Respiratory, and Electrical Phenomena Involved in the Emotion of Fear.

Abstract: We have arranged a recording device to suit our conditions.

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Performance recovery following startle: A laboratory approach to the study of behavioral response to sudden aircraft emergencies

Performance recovery following startle: A laboratory approach to the study of behavioral response to sudden aircraft emergencies

Effect of maternal presence on the fear response to an unfamiliar environment as measured by heart rate in rats as a function of age

Experimental Methods for Inducing Basic Emotions: A Qualitative Review

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