“…As the most widely used tobacco in the world, cigarettes are also well-known. The assessment of the levels of heavy metals in smoked and non-smoked cigarettes in Iran revealed that heavy metals in cigarette butts can have both potentially harmful and beneficial consequences for the health of smokers who are subjected to inhalation [ 18 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The food chain can become contaminated as a result of the poisoning of the soil, water, plants, and animals by these harmful metals. As a result, exposure to heavy metals through inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and drinking water can be hazardous to human health [ 14 – 18 ].…”
Background
This study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals (arsenic and mercury) and estimate the probability that consumption of hen egg products collected in Iran has carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic consequences.
Methods
A total of eighty-four hen eggs from 21 major brands were randomly selected from among thirty local supermarkets in two seasons (winter (January) and summer (August) 2022). Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) was determined by using ICP-MS. The human health risk assessment refers to the formulation of the USEPA standard focused on Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), International Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) as a probabilistic method. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical software SPSS. Differences in mean concentrations of As and Hg in two seasons were tested by paired t-test.
Results
Over two seasons, the average As and Hg concentrations in hen eggs were 0.79 and 0.18 µg.kg−1, respectively. Seasonal difference in As concentration (p = 0.451) was not significant, whereas that of Hg concentration (p < 0.001) was significant. The calculated value of EDI was 0.29 µg As/day and 0.06 µg Hg/day. The EWI in the maximum scenario of as level in hen eggs was estimated to be 8.71 µg As and 1.89 µg Hg/month for Iranian adults. THQ's mean for As and Hg in adults was determined to be 0.00385 and 0.00066, respectively. In addition, ILCRs by MCS for As were 4.35E-4.
Conclusion
In total, the result indicates that there was not a significant risk of developing cancer; the calculation of THQ was still below the accepted level of 1, indicating that there was no risk while, according to most regulatory programs (ILCR > 10− 4) shows a threshold carcinogenic risk of arsenic through consuming in hen eggs. Therefore, policymakers need to be aware that it is prohibited to establish chicken farms in heavily polluted urban areas. It is essential to regularly conduct examinations to measure the presence of heavy metals in both ground waters used for agriculture and the feed provided to chickens. Additionally, it is advisable to focus on raising public awareness about the importance of maintaining a healthy diet.
“…As the most widely used tobacco in the world, cigarettes are also well-known. The assessment of the levels of heavy metals in smoked and non-smoked cigarettes in Iran revealed that heavy metals in cigarette butts can have both potentially harmful and beneficial consequences for the health of smokers who are subjected to inhalation [ 18 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The food chain can become contaminated as a result of the poisoning of the soil, water, plants, and animals by these harmful metals. As a result, exposure to heavy metals through inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and drinking water can be hazardous to human health [ 14 – 18 ].…”
Background
This study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals (arsenic and mercury) and estimate the probability that consumption of hen egg products collected in Iran has carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic consequences.
Methods
A total of eighty-four hen eggs from 21 major brands were randomly selected from among thirty local supermarkets in two seasons (winter (January) and summer (August) 2022). Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) was determined by using ICP-MS. The human health risk assessment refers to the formulation of the USEPA standard focused on Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), International Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) as a probabilistic method. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical software SPSS. Differences in mean concentrations of As and Hg in two seasons were tested by paired t-test.
Results
Over two seasons, the average As and Hg concentrations in hen eggs were 0.79 and 0.18 µg.kg−1, respectively. Seasonal difference in As concentration (p = 0.451) was not significant, whereas that of Hg concentration (p < 0.001) was significant. The calculated value of EDI was 0.29 µg As/day and 0.06 µg Hg/day. The EWI in the maximum scenario of as level in hen eggs was estimated to be 8.71 µg As and 1.89 µg Hg/month for Iranian adults. THQ's mean for As and Hg in adults was determined to be 0.00385 and 0.00066, respectively. In addition, ILCRs by MCS for As were 4.35E-4.
Conclusion
In total, the result indicates that there was not a significant risk of developing cancer; the calculation of THQ was still below the accepted level of 1, indicating that there was no risk while, according to most regulatory programs (ILCR > 10− 4) shows a threshold carcinogenic risk of arsenic through consuming in hen eggs. Therefore, policymakers need to be aware that it is prohibited to establish chicken farms in heavily polluted urban areas. It is essential to regularly conduct examinations to measure the presence of heavy metals in both ground waters used for agriculture and the feed provided to chickens. Additionally, it is advisable to focus on raising public awareness about the importance of maintaining a healthy diet.
“…Various approaches have been used to evaluate and analyze health risk assessments, including those relating to ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. These methods are also utilized by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), which proposes different coefficients for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks 24,25 . Human health risk assessment by USEPA methods is a useful tool for identifying the possible threats to health from human activities 26,27 .…”
Contamination of air and soil with Lead (Pb) is a great global concern. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the Pb content in the atmosphere and soil at 56 sampling sites in the Salafchegan industrial zone located in Qom province, Iran. The results indicated that Pb accumulated in air and soil media. The geostatistical analysis of Pb showed that pollution hotspots were detected around industrial areas as well as in sites with intense vehicular traffic. Although the average concentration of Pb in the air (0.013 µg/m3) and soil (3.05 mg/kg), were lower than the limit of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in some polluted zones, the Pb concentrations exceeded more than 1.2 and 2.6 times in the air and soil, respectively. Ingestion and inhalation were the main pathways of Pb exposure. Hazard Index (HI) values in some land use areas and children under five years were above EPA's safe limit. HI value for children was above 1. The carcinogenic risk analysis showed that higher carcinogenic risk from the acceptable limit (1 × 10− 6) was presented in different age groups in the sampling sites. Consequently, children are considered a high-risk group for Pb exposure in studied areas.
“…(ATSDR 2005 ; Haber et al 2000 ; Lyon 1994 ; SeyyediBidgoli et al 2022 ). In addition, nickel can be released into the air by dust emissions from factories, coal combustion, waste incineration, and cigarette smoking is also a known source of nickel exposure (Ghaderi et al 2023 ; Yang and Ren 2010 ).…”
Nickel compounds are classified as group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, only a few exposure assessment studies have been conducted on such compounds to date. In this study, we investigated the distribution of nickel in three biological types of samples (blood, serum, and urine) and its temporal variability through repeated measurements. From 2020 to 2021, blood and urine samples were collected for four times from 50 healthy participants. Nickel concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and inter-individual correlation was calculated from linear mixed model. The overall geometric mean of nickel was 1.028 μg/L in blood, 0.687 μg/L in serum, and 1.464 μg/L in urine. Blood nickel was the highest in November (blood: 1.197 μg/L), and the geometric mean of nickel concentrations in the serum and urine were the highest in March (serum: 1.146 μg/L; urine: 1.893 μg/L). This matched seasonal trends for fine particulate matter concentrations from 2020 to 2021. Thus, seasonal effects significantly affect nickel levels in blood, serum, and urine. The inter-individual correlations were low as 0.081 for blood and 0.064 for urine. In addition, the correlation of nickel levels between each biological sample was low. It was also found that age, gender, commuting time, and different matrices affect concentrations. Blood and serum nickel levels were high in this study compared to other nationwide data, with urinary nickel ranking the second highest among the six countries examined. Therefore, biomonitoring study in the general population should be conducted, and finding a suitable matrix that can reflect nickel exposure to set exposure guideline levels is imperative.
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