The Carboniferous Breccias of Billefjorden, Vestspitsbergen

McWhae, J. R. H.

doi:10.1017/s001675680006547x

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…COLLAPSE BRECCIAS ANDPALEOKARST RESULTING FROMEVAPORITE-ROCK DISSOLUTION locations had been interpreted as produced through brecciation by expansion of anhydrite in hydration to gypsum (Kramm 1913;Udden 1924;Hickling and Holmes 1931;Hollingworth 1938;McWhae 1953 The Williston Basin is a wide, circular basin with indistinct boundaries, formed on the southern side of the Canadian shield TheLowerPaleozoicsequence in the Williston Basin is composed mainly of carbonates that were deposited in a shallowepeiricsea and show evidenceof cyclicdeposition in environments ranging from shallow marine to supratidal (Roehl 1967 The supratidal sediments of the upper Red River Formation were periodically subjected to leaching by fresh meteoric waterpercolating downthroughthe vadose zone. Underthese conditions, early diagenetic minerals such as calcium sulfate are ephemeral and easily destroyed (Kinsman 1969).…”

Section: Collapse Breccias Andpaleokarst Resulting Fromevaporile-rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates

Friedman

1997

Carbonates Evaporites

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The lithologicaltrinity of dolostone, limestone, and sulfates(anhydriteand/orgypsum) is subject to rapid dissolutionof the sulfates and leads to the development of dissolution-collapse brecciasresultingfrom the withdrawal of the sulfates. The resultantfeatures commonly include spectacular dissolution-collapse breccias. Owing to their mobility and chemical instability evaporite rocks, such as gypsum and anhydrite, are highly soluble and can be dissolvedrapidly to form karstic features. When anhydrite and/or gypsum are dissolvedthe overlyingcontinuous strata of carbonate rocks collapse, generatingdissolution-collapse breccia composed of carbonate clasts. Such dissolution-collapse breccias as a result of dissolution of gypsum and/or anhydrite are more common worldwide than the literature suggests.Evaporite karst interferes with human activity, including highways, buildings, canals, and agriculture.A Cretaceousdeposit composed of dolostone, limestone, and anhydrite brecciaset in a carbonatematrix has been interpretedas the result of asteroid-or comet collision. An origin as evaporitepaleokarst could explainthe formation of this same breccia.In the WillistonBasinof Montanaanhydrites form the caps of basin-wide peritidalcycles in successions whichbrine upward. The supratidal cycle caps are zones of anhydrite leachingand creationof dissolution-collapse breccia.Cambro-LowerOrdovician(Sauk) platformcyclesin the Appalachian Basinare composedof peritidalupward-shallowing carbonate facies which showevidenceof ultimateemergence. The sulfatesin the cyclecapshaveentirelydissolvedout and thepaleokarstserves as testament to their former presence.

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Section: Collapse Breccias Andpaleokarst Resulting Fromevaporile-rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates

Friedman

1997

Carbonates Evaporites

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“…The latter are subdivided by numerous lithostratigraphical units, which were described and deWned in earlier studies (Nathorst 1910;Gee et al 1952;McWhae 1953;Forbes et al 1958;Forbes 1960;Birkenmajer and Czarniecki 1960;Birkenmajer 1964) and subsequently arranged into a general lithostratigraphical scheme proposed by Cutbill and Challinor (1965). Later publications provided more detailed work on the facies of individual lithostratigraphic units in order to resolve their temporal and spatial development, internal arrangement, and reconstruction of the depositional environments (Lønøy 1981;Sundsbø 1982;Steel and Worsley 1984;Dallmann 1993;Lønøy 1995;Pickard et al 1996;Hüneke et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facies arrangement and cyclostratigraphic architecture of a shallow-marine, warm-water carbonate platform: the Late Carboniferous Ny Friesland Platform in eastern Spitsbergen (Pyefjellet Beds, Wordiekammen Formation, Gipsdalen Group)

Blomeier

Scheibner

Forke

2008

Facies

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During the Late Carboniferous, a spacious warm-water carbonate platform developed across the eastern part of the present Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. The platform initiated in the Moscovian on an uplifted fault block (Ny Friesland High) and progradated during the Late Moscovian to Early Kasimovian into the adjacent Campbellryggen Basin (central Spitsbergen). The fossiliferous platform strata are characterized by a pronounced cyclicity formed by stacked parasequences, which consist of deWned, subtidal to supratidal facies-set successions reXecting a general shallowing of the depositional area. Up to 17 of these shallowing-upward cycles, bounded by distinct discontinuity (marine Xooding) surfaces due to the recurrent emersion and subsequent Xooding of the platform surface, have been recognized within the platform strata. The stacked cycles are the result of global, glacio-eustatic, highfrequent and high-amplitudinal sea-level Xuctuations with eccentricity periodicities caused by ice volume changes during the Gondwana Land glaciation. Based on systematic changes of the cycles (thickness and internal facies composition), the upper part of the platform strata is interpreted as a progradational parasequence set of a late highstand system tract.

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“…The Bashkirian Ebbadalen Formation (Lower Gypsiferous Series) and the Artinskian Gipshuken Formation (Upper Gypsiferous Series), long known in general (e.g. 9 from McWhae, 1953). More precisely these ages are given in Table 1 Cutbill & Challinor (1965).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation of Anhydrite–gypsum rocks in central Spitsbergen

1988

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Early Permian anhydrite-gypsum strata in central Spitsbergen show deformation of sulphate nodules in dolostone (chicken-wire structure) to varying degrees from imbricate to extreme flattening and elongation. These shear zones often occur between undeformed layers of apparently similar strata.The shear zones indicate a minimum displacement of between 0.5 and 1.5 km to the ENE of Zechstein and later strata over the Nordfjorden Block. Resultant folding and faulting over the Billefjorden Fault Zone represent an eastward manifestation of the Eocene West Spitsbergen Orogeny.

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The Carboniferous Breccias of Billefjorden, Vestspitsbergen

Abstract: From an analysis of data concerning five breccias in the Billefjorden area, Central Vestspitsbergen, and from a consideration of explanations previously advanced of other breccias, it is concluded that the main breccias are due to collapse following solution within the underlying beds.

Cited by 29 publications

References 11 publications

Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates

Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates

Facies arrangement and cyclostratigraphic architecture of a shallow-marine, warm-water carbonate platform: the Late Carboniferous Ny Friesland Platform in eastern Spitsbergen (Pyefjellet Beds, Wordiekammen Formation, Gipsdalen Group)

Deformation of Anhydrite–gypsum rocks in central Spitsbergen

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