The Carbonate Chemistry of Green Lake, Jamesville, NY^a

CALCIUM CARBONATE PRECIPITATION AND TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS IN OTISCO LAKE, NEW YORK1

“…Although calcite in the sediments of certain hard water lakes may be derived from tributary loadings, more often sedimentary calcite originates from precipitate formed in the water column (Jones and Bowser, 1978). Documentation of the occurrence of "whitings" from water-column studies of various hard water lakes (Brunskill, 1969;Effler, et al, 1981;Effler, et a!., 1982;Kelts and Hsu, 1978;Otsuki and Wetzel, 1974; Strong and Eadie, 1978) continues to increase, providing more substantial support for the position that the phenomenon occurs widely. Particularly noteworthy is the nearly regular occurrence of "whitings" in three of the Great Lakes -Ontario, Erie, and Michigan (Strong and Eadie, 1978).…”

“…The development of these conditions, and the subsequent precipitation that often occurs, is believed to be mediated by transformations in temperature and primary productivity (Brunskill, 1969;Effler, et al, 1981;Effler, et al, 1982;Kelts and Hsu, 1978;Otsuki and Wetzel, 1974;Strong and Eadie, 1978), with maximum disequilibrium and precipitation occurring in the warmer, more productive months. As productivity increases within a particular hard water lake, increased disequilibrium and calcite precipitation is expected (Effler, et al, 1981;Effler, et al, 1982;Effler, 1984). Effler and Driscoll (1985) observed calcium deposition from the epilimnion of hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake to be positively correlated with primary productivity.…”

“…The calcium carbonate detected in the lower waters (hypolimnion) was probably formed in the epilimnion, and subsequently settled. The apparent interaction between productivity and calcium carbonate precipitation, documented for certain systems (Effler, et al, 1981;Effler, et al, 1982;Effler, 1984;Effler and Driscoll, 1985;Otsuki and Wetzel, 1974) indicates that watershed management programs aimed at controlling phytoplankton biomass through reduction of nutrient loading may also be expected to result in the reduction of the "whiting" component of turbidity.…”

EFFECT OF “WHITING” ON OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND TURBIDITY IN OWASCO LAKE, NEW YORK1

“…"Whiting" (Bathrust, 1971) is the term given to carbonate precipitate, as it occurs in a water column. The "whiting" (as CaCO3) phenomenon occurs widely in hard water lakes during the warm productive period of the year (e.g., Brunskill, 1981;Effler, et al, 1981Effler, et al, , 1982Effler and Johnson, 1986; Kelts and Hsu, 1978;Strong and Eadie, 1978;Weidemann, et al, 1985); it is apparently triggered by increases in water temperature (e.g., Brunskill, 1981;Strong and Eadie, 1978) and/or photosynthetic activity (Effler, et a!., 1981(Effler, et a!., , 1982Effler and Driscoll, 1985). Carbonate precipitate represents a form of turbidity and a light attenuating component, and thus has implications with regards to related limnological and water quality characteristics.…”

A retrospective analysis of suspended solids deposition in Onondaga Lake, New York: Composition, temporal patterns, and drivers

“…Autochthonous production of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) has been shown to account for a major fraction of depositing inorganic solids in alkaline Ca 2+ -rich lakes (Strong and Eadie 1978, Driscoll et al 1994, Hodell et al 1998. Although the mechanisms of CaCO 3 precipitation are not satisfactorily understood, key regulators include (1) temperature (Strong andEadie 1978, Hodell et al 1998); (2) primary production and its effect on pH (Effler et al 1981, Effler 1984, Hodell et al 1998 (3) the Ca 2+ concentration (Womble et al 1996); (4) the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; Hammes and Verstraete 2002); and (5) the availability of nucleation sites (Kile et al 2000).…”