The Carbon Cycle of a Maritime Ancient Temperate Broadleaved Woodland at Seasonal and Annual Scales

Fenn, Kaja; Malhi, Yadvinder; Morecroft, Mike D.; Lloyd, C.R.; Thomas, Mitra

doi:10.1007/s10021-014-9793-1

Cited by 23 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Assimilation is reduced proportional to the transmission of light through the canopy, whereas leaf respiration increases as light decreases:

NPC = {false\int}_{0}^{normalLAI} A_{normalsat} \times (\frac{PAR}{K + normalPAR}) \times (e^{- k \times normalLAI}) - (0.5 - 0.05 \times {log}_{e} ()(PAR \times e^{- k \times LAI})) \times R_{normald}

(NPC, canopy net photosynthesis (as μmol m −2 s −1 of ground area); A sat , light‐saturated photosynthetic rate; k , light extinction coefficient; LAI, canopy leaf area index; PAR, light intensity at the top of the canopy; and R d , dark respiration rate estimated from the Michaelis–Menten equation (Methods S1, Eqn S1)). The coefficient k was set to 0.5 as a previously used estimate for broadleaf forests (Clark et al ., ), LAI was set to 7.8 as measured previously for this field site (Fenn et al ., ) and PAR was set to 1000 μmol m −2 s −1 as a standard daytime light intensity at the top of the canopy. We estimated canopy net photosynthesis for each leaf type (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small‐scale indirect plant responses to insect herbivory could have major impacts on canopy photosynthesis and isoprene emission

et al. 2018

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Insect herbivores cause substantial changes in the leaves they attack, but their effects on the ecophysiology of neighbouring, nondamaged leaves have never been quantified in natural canopies. We studied how winter moth (Operophtera brumata), a common herbivore in temperate forests, affects the photosynthetic and isoprene emission rates of its host plant, the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Through a manipulative experiment, we measured leaves on shoots damaged by caterpillars or mechanically by cutting, or left completely intact. To quantify the effects at the canopy scale, we surveyed the extent and patterns of leaf area loss in the canopy. Herbivory reduced photosynthesis both in damaged leaves and in their intact neighbours. Isoprene emission rates significantly increased after mechanical leaf damage. When scaled up to canopy-level, herbivory reduced photosynthesis by 48 ± 10%. The indirect effects of herbivory on photosynthesis in undamaged leaves (40%) were much more important than the direct effects of leaf area loss (6%). If widespread across other plant-herbivore systems, these findings suggest that insect herbivory has major and previously underappreciated influences in modifying ecosystem carbon cycling, with potential effects on atmospheric chemistry.

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“…Assimilation is reduced proportional to the transmission of light through the canopy, whereas leaf respiration increases as light decreases:

NPC = {false\int}_{0}^{normalLAI} A_{normalsat} \times (\frac{PAR}{K + normalPAR}) \times (e^{- k \times normalLAI}) - (0.5 - 0.05 \times {log}_{e} ()(PAR \times e^{- k \times LAI})) \times R_{normald}

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small‐scale indirect plant responses to insect herbivory could have major impacts on canopy photosynthesis and isoprene emission

et al. 2018

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“…, Fenn et al. ). We recognize there are a number of assumptions and uncertainties in these calculations and apply conservative uncertainty estimates around each assumed parameter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil respiration and mass balance estimation of fine root production in Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern Chile

2017

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Citation: Urrutia-Jalabert, R., Y. Malhi, and A. Lara. 2017. Soil respiration and mass balance estimation of fine root production in Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern Chile. Ecosphere 8(4):e01640. 10.1002/ecs2.1640Abstract. The soil carbon dynamics of southern hemisphere temperate rainforests have rarely been studied. Here, we report for the first time soil CO 2 effluxes and their partitioning for medium-age and old-growth Fitzroya cupressoides forests growing under contrasting environmental conditions in the Coastal Range and Andean Cordillera of southern Chile. Fitzroya is a high biomass and one of the longest lived species in the world. We characterized soil respiration patterns over almost 2 yr. Annual soil respiration was slightly higher in younger forests from the Coastal Range compared with Andean forests during the first studied year (6.37-6.66 vs. 5.06-6.14 Mg CÁha À1 Áyr À1 ), and significantly higher during the second year mainly due to a warmer and drier summer (8. ). Therefore, warmer and drier conditions, likely to become more common in this region under future climate change, were associated with significantly higher respiration in the shallow soils of the coast, but not in the Andes. A higher proportion of autotrophic respiration was found in the Coastal Range forest probably due to a much higher fine root biomass in this site. However, fine root productivity, an important contributor of belowground carbon fluxes, was a little lower (not significantly) in the coastal site (0.81 AE 0.60 vs. 1.50 AE 0.42 Mg CÁha ), indicating a longer root residence time in forests from this area. Soil CO 2 effluxes from these forests and their root productivity are at the lower end of values recorded for other mature and old-growth temperate wet forests worldwide. The intrinsic longevity and the particularly poor soils and rainy conditions where these forests grow may influence these facts. Interannual climate variability appears to be especially important for soil respiration in the Coastal Range due to the more Mediterranean climate influence and shallow, poor water retention soils in this area.

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“…This area of the woodland has had minimal intervention and soil disturbance, with no silvicultural management for at least 40 years (Fenn et al . ). The soil is a base‐rich clay loam classified as stagni‐vertic cambisol (FAO/WRB classification; Beard ; IUSS Working Group WRB ), with c .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Mean annual precipitation is 714 ± 29 mm and mean air temperature is 10·0 ± 0·1 °C, ranging from 4·2 ± 0·4 °C in December to 16·6 ± 0·3 °C in July (data from 1993 to 2011; Fenn et al . ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Automated Root Exudate System (ARES): a method to apply solutes at regular intervals to soils in the field

et al. 2017

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Summary Root exudation is a key component of nutrient and carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. Exudation rates vary widely by plant species and environmental conditions, but our understanding of how root exudates affect soil functioning is incomplete, in part because there are few viable methods to manipulate root exudates in situ. To address this, we devised the Automated Root Exudate System (ARES), which simulates increased root exudation by applying small amounts of labile solutes at regular intervals in the field.The ARES is a gravity‐fed drip irrigation system comprising a reservoir bottle connected via a timer to a micro‐hose irrigation grid covering c. 1 m2; 24 drip‐tips are inserted into the soil to 4‐cm depth to apply solutions into the rooting zone. We installed two ARES subplots within existing litter removal and control plots in a temperate deciduous woodland. We applied either an artificial root exudate solution (RE) or a procedural control solution (CP) to each subplot for 1 min day−1 during two growing seasons. To investigate the influence of root exudation on soil carbon dynamics, we measured soil respiration monthly and soil microbial biomass at the end of each growing season.The ARES applied the solutions at a rate of c. 2 L m−2 week−1 without significantly increasing soil water content. The application of RE solution had a clear effect on soil carbon dynamics, but the response varied by litter treatment. Across two growing seasons, soil respiration was 25% higher in RE compared to CP subplots in the litter removal treatment, but not in the control plots. By contrast, we observed a significant increase in microbial biomass carbon (33%) and nitrogen (26%) in RE subplots in the control litter treatment.The ARES is an effective, low‐cost method to apply experimental solutions directly into the rooting zone in the field. The installation of the systems entails minimal disturbance to the soil and little maintenance is required. Although we used ARES to apply root exudate solution, the method can be used to apply many other treatments involving solute inputs at regular intervals in a wide range of ecosystems.

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The Carbon Cycle of a Maritime Ancient Temperate Broadleaved Woodland at Seasonal and Annual Scales

Cited by 23 publications

References 49 publications

Small‐scale indirect plant responses to insect herbivory could have major impacts on canopy photosynthesis and isoprene emission

Small‐scale indirect plant responses to insect herbivory could have major impacts on canopy photosynthesis and isoprene emission

Soil respiration and mass balance estimation of fine root production in Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern Chile

The Automated Root Exudate System (ARES): a method to apply solutes at regular intervals to soils in the field

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