The carbon budget of South Asia

Patra, Prabir K.; Canadell, Josep G.; Houghton, Richard A.; Piao, Shilong; Oh, Neung‐Hwan; Ciais, Philippe; Manjunath, K. R.; Chhabra, Abha; Wang, Tao; Bhattacharya, Trishneeta; Bousquet, Philippe; Hartman, J.; Ito, Akihiko; Mayorga, Emilio; Niwa, Yosuke; Raymond, Peter A.; Sarma, V. V. S. S.; Lasco, Rodel D.

doi:10.5194/bg-10-513-2013

Cited by 106 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…When CONTRAIL data are added, the land sink in China is close to the inversion result of −0.35 Pg C yr −1 stated in Jiang et al (2013) for the same period, which was derived by adding three additional China CO 2 observation stations. The land sink obtained for South Asia, −0.11 ± 0.30 Pg C yr −1 , agrees well with the −0.104 ± 0.15 Pg C yr −1 result of Patra et al (2013Patra et al ( ) for 2007Patra et al ( -2008 period. Southeast Asia is one of the most forested regions in the world.…”

Section: Impact On Spatial Patternsupporting

confidence: 89%

Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO2 measurements

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Terrestrial carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux estimates in China using atmospheric inversion method are beset with considerable uncertainties because very few atmospheric CO 2 concentration measurements are available. In order to improve these estimates, nested atmospheric CO 2 inversion during 2002-2008 is performed in this study using passenger aircraft-based CO 2 measurements over Eurasia from the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliner (CONTRAIL) project. The inversion system includes 43 regions with a focus on China, and is based on the Bayesian synthesis approach and the TM5 transport model. The terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux modeled by the Boreal Ecosystems Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model and the ocean exchange simulated by the OPA-PISCES-T model are considered as the prior fluxes. The impacts of CON-TRAIL CO 2 data on inverted China terrestrial carbon fluxes are quantified, the improvement of the inverted fluxes after adding CONTRAIL CO 2 data are rationed against climate factors and evaluated by comparing the simulated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations with three independent surface CO 2 measurements in China. Results show that with the addition of CONTRAIL CO 2 data, the inverted carbon sink in China increases while those in South and Southeast Asia decrease. Meanwhile, the posterior uncertainties over these regions are all reduced (2-12 %). CONTRAIL CO 2 data also have a large effect on the inter-annual variation of carbon sinks in China, leading to a better correlation between the carbon sink and the annual mean climate factors. Evaluations against the CO 2 measurements at three sites in China also show that the CONTRAIL CO 2 measurements may have improved the inversion results.

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Section: Impact On Spatial Patternsupporting

confidence: 89%

Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO2 measurements

et al. 2014

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“…2.3.4. The RECCAP regions include North America (NA; King et al, 2015), South America (SA; Gloor et al, 2012), Europe (EU; Luyssaert et al, 2012), Africa (AF; Valentini et al, 2014), Russia (RU; Dolman et al, 2012), East Asia (EA; Piao et al, 2012), South Asia (SAs; Patra et al, 2013), and Australia (AU; Haverd et al, 2013). No regional study is yet available for Southeast Asia (SEA).…”

Section: Reccap Over Landmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews and syntheses: An empirical spatiotemporal description of the global surface–atmosphere carbon fluxes: opportunities and data limitations

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Understanding the global carbon (C) cycle is of crucial importance to map current and future climate dynamics relative to global environmental change. A full characterization of C cycling requires detailed information on spatiotemporal patterns of surface-atmosphere fluxes. However, relevant C cycle observations are highly variable in their coverage and reporting standards. Especially problematic is the lack of integration of the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchange of the ocean, inland freshwaters and the land surface with the atmosphere. Here we adopt a data-driven approach to synthesize a wide range of observation-based spatially explicit surface-atmosphere CO 2 fluxes from 2001 to 2010, to identify the state of today's observational opportunities and data limitations. The considered fluxes include net exchange of open oceans, continental shelves, estuaries, rivers, and lakes, as well as CO 2 fluxes related to net ecosystem productivity, fire emissions, loss of tropical aboveground C, harvested wood and crops, as well as fossil fuel and cement emissions. Spatially explicit CO 2 fluxes are obtained through geostatistical and/or remote-sensing-based upscaling, thereby minimizing biophysical or biogeochemical assumptions encoded in process-based models. We estimate a bottom-up net C exchange (NCE) between the surface (land, ocean, and coastal areas) and the atmosphere. Though we provide also global estimates, the primary goal of this study is to identify key uncertainties and observational shortcomings that need to be prioritized in the expansion of in situ observatories. Uncertainties for NCE and its components are derived using resampling. In many regions, our NCE estimates agree well with independent estimates from other sources such as processbased models and atmospheric inversions. This holds for Europe (mean ± 1 SD: 0.8 ± 0.1 PgC yr −1 , positive numbers are sources to the atmosphere), Russia (0.1 ± 0.4 PgC yr −1 ), East Asia (1.6 ± 0.3 PgC yr −1 ), South Asia (0.3 ± 0.1 PgC yr −1 ), Australia (0.2 ± 0.3 PgC yr −1 ), and most of the Ocean regions. Our NCE estimates give a likely too large CO 2 sink in tropical areas such as the Amazon, Congo, and Indonesia. Overall, and because of the overestimated CO 2 uptake in tropical lands, our global bottom-up NCE amounts to a net sink of −5.4 ± 2.0 PgC yr −1 . By contrast, the accurately measured mean atmospheric growth rate of CO 2 over [2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010] indicates that the true value of NCE is a net CO 2 source of 4.3 ± 0.1 PgC yr −1 . This mismatch of nearly 10 PgC yr −1 highlights observational gaps and limitations of data-driven models in tropical lands, but also in North America. Our uncertainty assessment provides the basis for setting priority regions where to increase carbon observations in the future. High on the priority list are tropical land regions, which suffer from a lack of in situ observations. Second, extensive pCO 2 data are missing in the Southern Ocean. Third, we lack observations that could enable...

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“…Quantifying North America's net land-atmosphere CO 2 exchange, potentially offsetting at least a portion of North America's CO 2 emissions, is an important element of understanding and quantifying North America's contribution to the accelerating increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (Le Quéré et al, 2014). Our approach was guided by (a) ; (b) RECCAP syntheses for other regions (Dolman et al, 2012;Gloor et al, 2012;Haverd et al, 2013;Luyssaert et al, 2012;Patra et al, 2013;Piao et al, 2012;Valentini et al, 2014); (c) guidelines found at the REC-CAP website (http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/reccap/); and (d) personal communications with J. G. as Coordinator of the RECCAP Science Steering Committee. This study focuses on estimates of land-atmosphere CO 2 exchange over Canada, the United States and Mexico.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

North America's net terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Scientific understanding of the global carbon cycle is required for developing national and international policy to mitigate fossil fuel CO 2 emissions by managing terrestrial carbon uptake. Toward that understanding and as a contribution to the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project, this paper provides a synthesis of net land-atmosphere CO 2 exchange for North America (Canada, United States, and Mexico) over the period [1990][1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009]. Only CO 2 is considered, not methane or other greenhouse gases. This synthesis is based on results from three different methods: atmospheric inversion, inventory-based methods and terrestrial biosphere modeling. All methods indicate that the North American land surface was a sink for atmospheric CO 2 , with a net transfer from atmosphere to land. Estimates ranged from −890 to −280 Tg C yr −1 , where the mean of atmospheric inversion estimates forms the lower bound of that range (a larger land sink) and the inventory-based estimate using the production approach the upper (a smaller land sink). This relatively large range is due in part to differences in how the approaches represent trade, fire and other disturbances and which ecosystems they include. Integrating across estimates, "best" estimates (i.e., measures of central tendency) are −472 ± 281 Tg C yr −1 based on the mean and standard deviation of the distribution and −360 Tg C yr −1 (with an interquartile range of −496 to −337) based on the median. Considering both the fossil fuel emissions source and the land sink, our analysis shows that North America was, however, a net contributor to the growth of CO 2 in the atmosphere in the late 20th and early 21st century. With North America's mean annual fossil fuel CO 2 emissions for the period 1990-2009 equal to 1720 Tg C yr −1 and assuming the estimate of −472 Tg C yr −1 as an approximation of the true terrestrial CO 2 sink, the continent's source : sink ratio for this time period was 1720 : 472, or nearly 4 : 1.

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The carbon budget of South Asia

Cited by 106 publications

References 57 publications

Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

Reviews and syntheses: An empirical spatiotemporal description of the global surface–atmosphere carbon fluxes: opportunities and data limitations

North America's net terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009

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The carbon budget of South Asia

Cited by 106 publications

References 57 publications

Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements

Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements

Reviews and syntheses: An empirical spatiotemporal description of the global surface–atmosphere carbon fluxes: opportunities and data limitations

North America's net terrestrial CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009

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Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

North America's net terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009