The captured launch of a ballistospore

Pringle, Anne; Patek, S. N.; Fischer, Mark W. F.; Stolze, Jessica; Money, Nicholas P.

doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.4.866

Cited by 86 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Spores are often released by active processes such as osmotic pressure 'cannons' and surface-tension catapults (e.g. Buller's Drop; Ingold, 1971;Lacey, 1996;Ingold, 1999;Pringle et al, 2005). Spores can be released as a part of the sexual and/or asexual morph (stage) of the lifecycle of a fungus, and many species are able to produce spores from both stages.…”

Section: Fungal Spores and Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Després¹,

Huffman

Burrows³

et al. 2012

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

1,176

1,114

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A B S T R A C T Atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origin are a very diverse group of biological materials and structures, including microorganisms, dispersal units, fragments and excretions of biological organisms. In recent years, the impact of biological aerosol particles on atmospheric processes has been studied with increasing intensity, and a wealth of new information and insights has been gained. This review outlines the current knowledge on major categories of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP): bacteria and archaea, fungal spores and fragments, pollen, viruses, algae and cyanobacteria, biological crusts and lichens and others like plant or animal fragments and detritus. We give an overview of sampling methods and physical, chemical and biological techniques for PBAP analysis (cultivation, microscopy, DNA/RNA analysis, chemical tracers, optical and mass spectrometry, etc.). Moreover, we address and summarise the current understanding and open questions concerning the influence of PBAP on the atmosphere and climate, i.e. their optical properties and their ability to act as ice nuclei (IN) or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). We suggest that the following research activities should be pursued in future studies of atmospheric biological aerosol particles: (1) develop efficient and reliable analytical techniques for the identification and quantification of PBAP; (2) apply advanced and standardised techniques to determine the abundance and diversity of PBAP and their seasonal variation at regional and global scales (atmospheric biogeography); (3) determine the emission rates, optical properties, IN and CCN activity of PBAP in field measurements and laboratory experiments; (4) use field and laboratory data to constrain numerical models of atmospheric transport, transformation and climate effects of PBAP.

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Section: Fungal Spores and Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Després¹,

Huffman

Burrows³

et al. 2012

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

1,176

1,114

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“…For example, Buller's droplet effect is essentially a typical CMDSP effect that is exploited by basidiomycete fungi to actively eject their spores into the air. [52][53][54] As shown in Figure 1g, a tiny microdrop, called Buller's drop, is condensed and grows at the base of the spore (shaded region), and a separate body of fluid accumulates on the side of the spore. As the Buller's drop and the fluid on the spore reach a critical size, they make contact and generate significant momentum, which finally ejects the whole spore.…”

Section: Biological Prototypes Of Cmdsp Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Bionic Condensate Microdrop Self‐Propelling Surfaces

2017

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interest has focused on utilizing the lowadhesivity nature of superhydrophobic surfaces for the rapid removal of condensate microdrops, as this has significance in fundamental research and technological innovation. Example applications are the enhancement of condensation heat transfer for high-efficiency thermal management and energy utilization, [20][21][22][23][24][25] energy-effective antifreezing for airconditioner heat exchangers and aircraft wings, [26][27][28] and electrostatic energy harvesting. [29] In general, condensate drops on typical flat hydrophobic surfaces are only shed off under gravity when their sizes are comparable to the capillary length (≈2.7 mm for water), [30] which creates undesirable effects such as large thermal resistance [20][21][22][23][24][25] and the freezing of subcooled drops. [26][27][28] Clearly, a great challenge is the timely removal of condensate drops at the microscale where the gravitational effect does not work. The latest research has indicated that these small-scale condensate microdrops may self-remove via mutual coalescence as long as the coalescence-released excess surface energy is larger than the interface adhesion-induced energy dissipation. [31] Much effort has been devoted to exploring the utilization of knowledge of bionic low-adhesivity superhydrophobicity to develop innovative condensate microdrop self-propelling (CMDSP) surfaces. Different from traditional superhydrophobic surfaces, which are characterized by the bouncing or rolling off of deposited millimeter-size large drops, [32,33] CMDSP surfaces support the self-removal capability of smallscale condensate microdrops. It has been reported that classical superhydrophobic lotus leaves (Figure 1a), [34][35][36][37] as well as artificial surfaces consisting of hierarchical micro-and nanostructures, [38] one-tier microstructures, [39][40][41][42][43] or nanostructures [44,45] with larger characteristic interspaces, present a low-adhesivity property to the deposited water macrodrops, but become highly adhesive to condensed microdrops (Figure 1b). This is because moisture easily penetrates the microscale valleys or cavities. Clearly, superhydrophobic surfaces with irrationally designed surface structures can enhance the solid-liquid interfacial adhesion instead of promoting the rapid removal of condensed drops. Accordingly, it is still a challenge to design and fabricate very effective low-adhesivity superhydrophobic surfaces with the self-removal ability of condensate microdrops. Recently, there has been a large breakthrough in understanding the mechanism and construction rules of bionic CMDSP surfaces, leading to the exploration of fabrication methods for the surface functionalization of widely used metal materials and the Bionic condensate microdrop self-propelling (CMDSP) surfaces are attracting increased attention as novel, low-adhesivity superhydrophobic surfaces due to their value in fundamental research and technological innovation, e.g., for enhancing heat transfer, energy-effective antifreezing, and...

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“…We designate these species as "actively wet spore discharging Ascomycota" (AAM) and "actively wet spore discharging Basidiomycota" (ABM), which account for a major fraction of the known AM and BM, respectively (Ingold, 2001a, b;Pringle et al, 2005b) 2.1 Actively wet spore discharging Ascomycota (AAM) AAM exist as saprophytes on dead biomass as well as endophytes or parasites in/on living organisms. In combination with algae, they form lichens which live as epiphytes on plants or on other surfaces, such as rocks, house walls etc.…”

Section: Fungal Species and Discharge Of Fungal Sporesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

et al. 2007

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Abstract. Biogenic aerosols play important roles in atmospheric chemistry physics, the biosphere, climate, and public health. Here, we show that fungi which actively discharge their spores with liquids into the air, in particular actively wet spore discharging Ascomycota (AAM) and actively wet spore discharging Basidiomycota (ABM), are a major source of primary biogenic aerosol particles and components. We present the first estimates for the global average emission rates of fungal spores.Measurement results and budget calculations based on investigations in Amazonia (Balbina, Brazil, July 2001) indicate that the spores of AAM and ABM may account for a large proportion of coarse particulate matter in tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (0.7-2.3 µg m −3 ). For the particle diameter range of 1-10 µm, the estimated proportions are ∼25% during day-time, ∼45% at night, and ∼35% on average. For the sugar alcohol mannitol, the budget calculations indicate that it is suitable for use as a molecular tracer for actively wet discharged basidiospores (ABS). ABM emissions seem to account for most of the atmospheric abundance of mannitol (10-68 ng m −3 ), and can explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). ABM emissions of hexose carbohydrates might also account for a significant proportion of glucose and fructose in air particulate matter (7-49 ng m −3 ), but the literature-derived ratios are not consistent with the observed diurnal cycle (lower abundance at night). AAM emissions appear to account for a large proportion of potassium in air particulate matter over tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (17-43 ng m −3 ), and they can also explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). The results of our investigations and budget calculations for tropical rainforCorrespondence to: W. Elbert (elbert@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) est aerosols are consistent with measurements performed at other locations.Based on the average abundance of mannitol reported for extratropical continental boundary layer air (∼25 ng m −3 ), we have also calculated a value of ∼17 Tg yr −1 as a first estimate for the global average emission rate of ABS over land surfaces, which is consistent with the typically observed concentrations of ABS (∼10 3 -10 4 m −3 ; ∼0.1-1 µg m −3 ). The global average atmospheric abundance and emission rate of total fungal spores, including wet and dry discharged species, are estimated to be higher by a factor of about three, i.e. ∼1 µg m −3 and ∼50 Tg yr −1 . Comparisons with estimated rates of emission and formation of other major types of organic aerosol (∼47 Tg yr −1 of anthropogenic primary organic aerosol; 12-70 Tg yr −1 of secondary organic aerosol) indicate that emissions from fungi should be taken into account as a significant global source of organic aerosol. The effects of fungal spores and related chemical components might be particularly important in tropical regions, where both physicochemical processes in the atmosphere and biological activity at the Earth's sur...

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The captured launch of a ballistospore

Cited by 86 publications

References 14 publications

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Recent Progress in Bionic Condensate Microdrop Self‐Propelling Surfaces

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

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