The capacity limiting role of the electronic conductivity of the active material in lead—acid batteries during discharge

Metzendorf, Heinrich

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(82)80017-7

Cited by 49 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A similar effect was observed by Metzendorf [1] for lead electrode also when conversion increases from 70% to 75%. Metzendorf [1] used concepts of percolation theory to propose that path for electron conduction ceases to exist when the volume fraction of active material is lowered to a critical value, commonly known as the percolation threshold. Fraction of 2 M A N U S C R I P T…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Resistance of an electrode varies sharply when a critical conversion of active materials is reached and the change can be dramatic. Measurements of Metzendorf [1] show that the conductivity of lead dioxide electrode is about 100 Sm −1 at a conversion of 60% and that it drops by nearly five orders of magnitude when conversion increases by only about 5%. A similar effect was observed by Metzendorf [1] for lead electrode also when conversion increases from 70% to 75%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Measurements of Metzendorf [1] show that the conductivity of lead dioxide electrode is about 100 Sm −1 at a conversion of 60% and that it drops by nearly five orders of magnitude when conversion increases by only about 5%. A similar effect was observed by Metzendorf [1] for lead electrode also when conversion increases from 70% to 75%. Metzendorf [1] used concepts of percolation theory to propose that path for electron conduction ceases to exist when the volume fraction of active material is lowered to a critical value, commonly known as the percolation threshold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Work of Metzendorf [1] shows that resistance increases sharply at about 65% conversion of active materials, and battery stops discharging once this critical conversion is reached. However, these aspects are not incorporated into existing mathematical models.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Role of electrical resistance of electrodes in modeling of discharging and charging of flooded lead-acid batteries

Gandhi

2015

Journal of Power Sources

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Role of electrical resistance of electrodes in modeling of discharging and charging of flooded lead-acid batteries

Gandhi

2015

Journal of Power Sources

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“…Electrical conductivity in the electrodes.-The electrical conductivity of the electrode changes during discharge and the following expression 27,28 is applicable…”

Section: Charging-conversion Of Pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Gandhi¹

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lead-acid batteries fail faster in partial state-of-charge start-stop technology than in SLI application. Accumulation of lead sulfate on negative electrode's surface has been identified as the cause. It is also known that life can be enhanced by increasing capacitance of negative electrode. A bench-marking test cycle is used to explain these observations through a one-dimensional model. It is shown that, at the large discharge current densities used, faradaic reactions in the electrodes are spatially inhomogeneous, and charging is unable to reverse its effects. Consequently, lead sulfate deposit is larger on electrode's surface than at its center. Model uses a rate expression for charging modified to include diffusion of Pb 2+ , and predicts that sulfate continues to accumulate with cycling. A portion of electrode becomes inactive when volume fraction of sulfate reaches a critical value there. Battery fails when inactive area becomes large. It is shown that double-layer capacitance suppresses the non-uniformity in the faradaic reaction and alters the pattern of accumulation of sulfate. Negative electrode does not benefit from this since its capacitance is low. Sulfate accumulates in positive electrode also, but does not reach critical levels since positive electrode's capacitance is large. A large fraction of the demand for lead-acid batteries from automotive industries is for SLI application. But the demand is expected to decline as the auto industry moves toward Li batteries. However, as specifications become more stringent both on fuel economy and on emissions of green house gases, lead-acid battery has found a new application in stop-start technology of electric vehicles. Here, battery should be capable of rapid enough discharge to permit starting of the vehicle along with maintenance of other on-board electrical loads. Further, to facilitate charging by regenerative braking, the battery has to be in partial state of charge, which can be as low as 50%. This has come to be known as high rate partial-state-of-charge or for short, HRPSoC, duty. In the start-stop operation, the frequency of charging-discharging cycles is large. Equally importantly, while the discharge rate during cranking is about the same as in conventional SLI application, charging rate can be as large as thirty times more. The challenges faced in meeting this application have been well summarized by Moseley and Rand 1 and Moseley et al. 2 The main problem faced is the faster degradation of battery than encountered in the conventional SLI application. The diminished life has been attributed to accumulation of lead sulfate on the surface of the negative electrode. Conclusive evidence for this has been reported by Lam et al.3 based on tear-down analysis of failed batteries. Interestingly, it has been found that increasing the capacitance of the negative electrode enhances its life, and development of ultrabattery 4 is a well known demonstration of this. While a complete description of this device is not available in the open literature, it is s...

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Charging Techniques of Lead–Acid Battery: State of the Art

Pawar

Kolte

2022

Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering

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The capacity limiting role of the electronic conductivity of the active material in lead—acid batteries during discharge

Cited by 49 publications

References 7 publications

Role of electrical resistance of electrodes in modeling of discharging and charging of flooded lead-acid batteries

Role of electrical resistance of electrodes in modeling of discharging and charging of flooded lead-acid batteries

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Charging Techniques of Lead–Acid Battery: State of the Art

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