The Candida Pathogenic Species Complex

Turner, Siobhán A.; Butler, Geraldine

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019778

Cited by 224 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…The carbon utilization spectrum of the pathogenic yeast C. glabrata is extremely narrow when compared with other yeasts, and has been suggested to be a consequence of an adaptation for its life and success as a commensal pathogen (Hittinger et al 2004;Kaur et al 2005;Roetzer et al 2011;Brunke and Hube 2013;Turner and Butler 2014). Despite the importance that trehalose assimilation has for the identification of C. glabrata (one of the few carbon sources that this yeast is known to catabolize), little was known regarding the mechanisms of trehalose utilization by this yeast.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Secretion of the acid trehalase encoded by the CgATH1 gene allows trehalose fermentation by Candida glabrata

Zilli

Lopes

Alves

et al. 2015

Microbiological Research

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The emergent pathogen Candida glabrata differs from other yeasts because it assimilates only two sugars, glucose and the disaccharide trehalose. Since rapid identification tests are based on the ability of this yeast to rapidly hydrolyze trehalose, in this work a biochemical and molecular characterization of trehalose catabolism by this yeast was performed. Our results show that C. glabrata consumes and ferments trehalose, with parameters similar to those observed during glucose fermentation. The presence of glucose in the medium during exponential growth on trehalose revealed extracellular hydrolysis of the sugar by a cell surface acid trehalase with a pH optimum of 4.4. Approximately ∼30% of the total enzymatic activity is secreted into the medium during growth on trehalose or glycerol. The secreted enzyme shows an apparent molecular mass of 275 kDa in its native form, but denaturant gel electrophoresis revealed a protein with ∼130 kDa, which due to its migration pattern and strong binding to concanavalin A, indicates that it is probably a dimeric glycoprotein. The secreted acid trehalase shows high affinity and activity for trehalose, with Km and Vmax values of 3.4 mM and 80 U (mg protein)(-1), respectively. Cloning of the CgATH1 gene (CAGLOK05137g) from de C. glabrata genome, a gene showing high homology to fungal acid trehalases, allowed trehalose fermentation after heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Secretion of the acid trehalase encoded by the CgATH1 gene allows trehalose fermentation by Candida glabrata

Zilli

Lopes

Alves

et al. 2015

Microbiological Research

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“…Several of these species are human fungal pathogens, including Candida parapsilosis , which is particularly associated with infections of neonates [19–21]. The C .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Origins of the Pathogenic Yeast Candida orthopsilosis by Separate Hybridizations between Two Parental Species

et al. 2016

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Mating between different species produces hybrids that are usually asexual and stuck as diploids, but can also lead to the formation of new species. Here, we report the genome sequences of 27 isolates of the pathogenic yeast Candida orthopsilosis. We find that most isolates are diploid hybrids, products of mating between two unknown parental species (A and B) that are 5% divergent in sequence. Isolates vary greatly in the extent of homogenization between A and B, making their genomes a mosaic of highly heterozygous regions interspersed with homozygous regions. Separate phylogenetic analyses of SNPs in the A- and B-derived portions of the genome produces almost identical trees of the isolates with four major clades. However, the presence of two mutually exclusive genotype combinations at the mating type locus, and recombinant mitochondrial genomes diagnostic of inter-clade mating, shows that the species C. orthopsilosis does not have a single evolutionary origin but was created at least four times by separate interspecies hybridizations between parents A and B. Older hybrids have lost more heterozygosity. We also identify two isolates with homozygous genomes derived exclusively from parent A, which are pure non-hybrid strains. The parallel emergence of the same hybrid species from multiple independent hybridization events is common in plant evolution, but is much less documented in pathogenic fungi.

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“…Opportunistic yeast pathogens including Candida species cause a wide variety of infections, ranging from superficial to systemic, which can often be fatal (1). Infection of premature neonates, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients is particularly common (2). Extensive use of catheters, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and abdominal surgery also favor the spread of pathogenic yeasts from their normal commensal niches (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection of premature neonates, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients is particularly common (2). Extensive use of catheters, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and abdominal surgery also favor the spread of pathogenic yeasts from their normal commensal niches (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%