The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Psychological Distress among Adolescents: Les Directives canadiennes en matière de mouvement sur 24 heures et la détresse psychologique chez les adolescents

Abstract

Objective: The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth recommend at least 60 minutes of physical activity per day, 2 hours or less of recreational screen time per day, and 9 to 11 hours of sleep per night for 5 to 13 years old and 8 to 10 hours per night for 14 to 17 years old. This study examined the association between meeting these guidelines and psychological distress among adolescents. Methods: The present cross-sectional sample included 6,364 students aged 11 to 20 years from the 2017 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey. This provincially representative school-based survey is based on a 2-stage cluster design. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was first conducted to confirm the factor structure of the K6, and structural equation modeling adjusted for age, sex, ethnoracial background, subjective socioeconomic status, and body mass index z-score was used to investigate the association between meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and K6 factors among adolescents. Results: The CFA demonstrated that a 2-factor model (representing anxiety and depressive symptoms) of the K6 fit the data well. The anxiety and depression items demonstrated a composite reliability (Cronbach’s α) of 0.86 and 0.83, respectively, indicating a high level of internal consistency. Compared to meeting none of the recommendations, meeting all 3 movement behavior recommendations was associated with lower anxiety (β = −0.076; P = 0.028) and depressive symptoms (β = −0.067; P = 0.028). Meeting the screen time + sleep duration recommendations had the strongest association with anxiety (β = −0.157; P < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (β = −0.139; P < 0.001), followed by meeting the sleep duration recommendation only for both anxiety (β = −0.135; P < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (β = −0.106; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines was associated with lower anxiety and depressive symptoms among adolescents, and these associations appear mainly driven by meeting the sleep duration recommendation.

Adherence to 24-Hour Movement Guidelines among Spanish Adolescents: Differences between Boys and Girls

“…The adherence to 24-Hour Movement Guidelines found in our study is higher than those found in the studies conducted with European [ 17 , 19 , 27 ] and Asian adolescents [ 14 , 21 , 26 ] and lower than several studies conducted in the United States (5.0%–9.4%) [ 16 , 22 , 23 ]. However, our results are similar to the results found in Canadian adolescents [ 15 , 18 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. These results underline the importance of addressing these movement behaviours from an integrative and holistic approach to increase physical activity and sleep duration and decrease screen time [ 8 ].…”

“…However, most existing studies have reported that less than 10% of adolescents met the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. These aforementioned studies have found inconsistent results in the proportion of adolescents who meet the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, which have ranged from 0.3% to 2.0% in Asian [ 14 , 21 , 26 ] 3.1% in South Americans [ 25 ], 2.2% to 9.4% in North Americans (ranging from 2.2% to 5.2% in Canadian and from 5.0% to 9.4% in American) [ 4 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], and from 1.7% to 2.2% in European [ 17 , 19 , 27 ]. Most adolescents met sleep duration recommendations [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 25 ,…”

“…These aforementioned studies have found inconsistent results in the proportion of adolescents who meet the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, which have ranged from 0.3% to 2.0% in Asian [ 14 , 21 , 26 ] 3.1% in South Americans [ 25 ], 2.2% to 9.4% in North Americans (ranging from 2.2% to 5.2% in Canadian and from 5.0% to 9.4% in American) [ 4 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], and from 1.7% to 2.2% in European [ 17 , 19 , 27 ]. Most adolescents met sleep duration recommendations [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], whereas less than half of adolescents met physical activity [ 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] ...…”

“…Moreover, inconsistent results were also found in the proportion of adolescents who do not meet any of these three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, which have ranged from 5.1% to 38.7% in Asian [ 14 , 21 , 26 ], 32.97% in South Americans [ 25 ], 9.1% to 42.0% in North Americans (ranging from 12.5% to 42.0% in Canadian and from 9.1% in American) [ 15 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 34 ], and from 8.7% to 36.4% in European [ 17 , 19 , 27 ]. These differences in 24-Hour Movement Guidelines across countries may be explained by social (e.g.…”

Movement behaviours and mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional isotemporal substitution analysis of Canadian adolescents

“…1,2 Although research to date has largely focused on relationships between movement behaviours and physical health outcomes (e.g., adiposity, cardiometabolic health, aerobic fitness), indicators of mental health have begun to see increased attention of late, particularly among adolescents. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Understanding the impact of movement behaviours on mental health during the adolescent period is of particular importance from a public health standpoint as this life stage is characterized by heightened stress 16 and represents the peak onset of mental health problems. 17,18 Mental health, however, has been proposed to exist on a continuum that considers not only adverse symptoms, but also positive attributes.…”