The Cambridge Neurological Inventory: A clinical instrument for assessment of soft neurological signs in psychiatric patients

Chen, Eric; Shapleske, Jane; Molina-Luque, Rafael; McKenna, Peter J.; Hodges, John R.; Calloway, S. P.; Hymas, Nigel; Dening, Tom; Berríos, Germán E.

doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02535-2

Cited by 175 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Both negative symptoms and NSS are considered to be relatively stable, trait markers of schizophrenia (Ventura et al, 2015;Chan & Gottesman, 2008), but have also been observed in other psychiatric populations (Foussias, Agid, Fervaha, & Remington, 2014;Kaiser, Heekeren, & Simon, 2011;Chen et al, 1995) and in clinical at-risk samples (Lyne et al, 2014;Piskulic et al, 2012). These markers may be considered as reflective of diffuse cerebral dysfunction related to aberrant development of neurocognitive systems.…”

Section: Secondary Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Cambridge Neurological Inventory (CNI) is a standardized clinical measure originally developed for use with a psychiatric population and is designed to assess a range of neurological markers (Chen et al, 1995). In the current study, a subset of items from this inventory were chosen to specifically measure NSS along the dimensions of motor coordination, sensory integration, complex sequencing, and disinhibition.…”

Section: Clinical Measures Neurological Soft Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A history of special education or a modified curriculum in school was self-reported during a structured baseline interview. To assess neurological soft signs (NSS), a selection of items from the Cambridge Neurological Inventory was administered (Chen et al, 1995; see Table C1). All ratings were summed to yield a total NSS score, with higher scores representing worse neurological status.…”

Section: Developmental Variables Diagnosis Of Schizophrenia (And Othmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural brain markers are differentially associated with neurocognitive profiles in socially marginalized people with multimorbid illness.

et al. 2017

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Homeless and marginally housed individuals constitute a socially impoverished population characterized by high rates of multimorbid illness that includes polysubstance use, viral infection, and psychiatric illness. Their extensive exposure to risk factors is associated with numerous poor outcomes, yet little is known about structural brain integrity and its association with neurocognition in this population. In Study 1, we conducted a cluster analysis to re-construct three previously derived subgroups with distinct neurocognitive profiles in a large sample of socially marginalized persons (N = 299). Cluster 1 (n = 87) was characterized as highest functioning overall, whereas Cluster 3 (n = 103) was the lowest functioning neurocognitively, with a relative strength in decision-making. Cluster 2 (n = 109) fell intermediate to the other subgroups, with a relative weakness in decision-making. Next, we examined the association between complementary fronto-temporal cortical brain measures (gyrification, cortical thickness) and neurocognitive profiles using multinomial logistic regression. Chi-square tests and ANOVAs differentiated subgroups on proxy measures of neurodevelopment and acquired brain insult/risk exposure. We found that greater frontal and temporal gyrification and more proxies of aberrant neurodevelopment were associated with Cluster 3 (lowest functioning subgroup). Further, age moderated the association between orbitofrontal cortical thickness and neurocognition, with positive associations in older adults, and negative associations in younger adults. Finally, greater acquired brain insult/risk exposure was associated with the cluster characterized by selective decisionmaking impairment (Cluster 2), and the higher functioning cluster (Cluster 1). In Study 2, we examined the association between white matter integrity and neurocognitive profiles using multinomial logistic regression and Tract-based Spatial Statistics. We found significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA), with corresponding increased axial and radial diffusivity (AD, RD) in widespread and bilateral brain regions of Cluster 3.Differences in RD were more prominent compared to AD. Altogether, our findings highlight the unique pathways to neurocognitive impairment in a heterogeneous population and help to clarify the vulnerabilities confronted by different subgroups.

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Section: Secondary Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Measures Neurological Soft Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Developmental Variables Diagnosis Of Schizophrenia (And Othmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural brain markers are differentially associated with neurocognitive profiles in socially marginalized people with multimorbid illness.

et al. 2017

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“…where s A and s A are the standard deviations of two subscores and r A,B is the correlation between them -as reported in the original validation study of the CNI (Chen et al 1995). Finally, a similar method was used for the data in Poyurovsky et al (2007), though in this case the set of correlations reported in the original validation study of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES ; Buchanan & Heinrichs, 1989) led to a quadratic equation with two close roots for patients (1.47 and 2.24) and none for controls.…”

Section: Data Extraction and Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The UK sample consisted of 74 individuals (35 with OCD and 39 controls) and the Spanish sample of 99 individuals (50 with OCD and 49 controls). In both samples, trained raters administered the Cambridge Neurological Inventory (CNI ; Chen et al 1995). A complete description of the participants, materials and methods can be found in the online Supplementary Material.…”

Section: Empirical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological soft signs in obsessive-compulsive disorder: two empirical studies and meta-analysis

et al. 2012

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Background. Neurological soft signs (NSS) have been inconsistently reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) but may make an impact on treatment response.Method. The current study examined the presence of NSS in two independent European samples of OCD patients (combined 85 patients and 88 matched healthy controls) using a standardized instrument and conducted a metaanalysis of all published studies identified in the literature with the aim to provide a more definitive answer to the question of whether OCD patients are characterized by increased NSS.Results. Both empirical studies found elevated NSS scores in patients compared with matched controls. The results of the meta-analysis, which included 15 studies (combined 498 patients and 520 controls) showed large effect sizes (Hedges' g=1.27, 95 % confidence interval 0.80-1.75), indicating that OCD patients have significantly higher rates of NSS than matched controls on both sides of the body and in multiple domains (motor coordination, sensory integration and primitive reflexes). The results were robust and remained largely unchanged in our reliability analyses, which controlled for possible outliers. Meta-regression was employed to examine the role of potential variables of interest including sociodemographic variables, symptom severity, medication effects and the use of different instruments, but none of these variables was clearly associated with NSS.Conclusions. As a group, OCD patients are characterized by increased rates of NSS, compared with healthy controls. However, their origins and potential clinical importance remain to be clarified. Future directions for research are discussed.

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Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

2011

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The Cambridge Neurological Inventory: A clinical instrument for assessment of soft neurological signs in psychiatric patients

Cited by 175 publications

References 26 publications

Structural brain markers are differentially associated with neurocognitive profiles in socially marginalized people with multimorbid illness.

Structural brain markers are differentially associated with neurocognitive profiles in socially marginalized people with multimorbid illness.

Neurological soft signs in obsessive-compulsive disorder: two empirical studies and meta-analysis

Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

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