African American literature begins with a meditation on the meaning of slavery and freedom, as early writers create new narrative forms to seek agency, subjectivity, and community within the dehumanizing conditions of forced migration and enslavement. The Reconstruction era prompts the literature of racial uplift and the theorization of double consciousness. During the Harlem Renaissance and the black arts era, writers turn to realist protest fiction, lyrical poetry, and committed theater to develop a cultural nationalism that combats continuing segregation and Jim Crow disenfranchisement. Debates over black feminism and queer sexuality challenge black nationalist ideologies. Contemporary African American literature includes strains of black postmodernism, neo‐slavery, and Afrofuturism, as writers continue to develop innovative forms to complicate existing notions of race and representation through debates over politics and aesthetics, diaspora and transnationalism, and gender and sexuality.