The bystander effect in cyberbullying on social network sites: Anonymity, group size, and intervention intentions

You, Leping; Lee, Yu-Hao

doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101284

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Not performing a good action involves less moral engagement than performing the action (Gray & Wegner, 2009). That is to say, not helping the victim will not be morally judged although supportive intervention is viewed as appropriate (Doane et al, 2020; You & Lee, 2019). Thus, bystanders who feel less personal obligations to prevent cyberbullying are less willing to intervene in a cyberbullying situation (Macháčková & Pfetsch, 2016).…”

Section: Normative Influences On Bystanders’ Responses To Cyberbullyingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although knowing the devastating effects of cyberbullying on victims’ mental health, some bystanders still choose to reinforce the bully (Li, 2010; van Cleemput et al, 2014). This is because bystanders feel more impersonal in anonymous cyberspace and they are more easily influenced by their referent groups (Li, 2010; You & Lee, 2019). Therefore, pro-cyberbullying social norms may suppress the effect of personal moral standards to a certain extent.…”

Section: Normative Influences On Bystanders’ Responses To Cyberbullyingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Me and Others Around: The Roles of Personal and Social Norms in Chinese Adolescent Bystanders’ Responses Toward Cyberbullying

Dang

2020

J Interpers Violence

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Researchers have expanded the aggressor-victim dyad by showing that bystanders play pivotal roles in the process of cyberbullying. Bystanders’ responses entail moral engagement and are guided by personal and social norms. Most research on normative influences on bystanders’ responses to cyberbullying has focused on personal or social norms but has ignored how they jointly affect bystanders’ responses. Inspiring by the modified Theory of Planned Behavior, a cross-sectional study of Chinese high-school students ( N = 333) examined how cyberbullying-related personal and social norms affect adolescent bystanders’ responses to cyberbullying. We collected information on personal norms, social norms, and bystanders’ responses to cyberbullying. Boys reported stronger intentions than girls to reinforce the bully, but intentions to help the victim were equivalent among boys and girls. Regression analysis revealed that pro-cyberbullying personal and social norms combined could negatively predict intentions to help the victim. However, personal and social norms interacted to influence behavioral intentions to reinforce the bully. Specifically, when pro-cyberbullying social norms were at a high level, a higher level of pro-cyberbullying personal norms was correlated with higher intentions to reinforce the bully. Conversely, when pro-cyberbullying social norms were at a low level, the effect of personal norms disappeared. The findings contribute to understanding the process by which adolescents adapt themselves to norms and provide guidance for educational advice on intervening in cyberbullying.

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Section: Normative Influences On Bystanders’ Responses To Cyberbullyingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Normative Influences On Bystanders’ Responses To Cyberbullyingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Me and Others Around: The Roles of Personal and Social Norms in Chinese Adolescent Bystanders’ Responses Toward Cyberbullying

Dang

2020

J Interpers Violence

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“…Regarding the role of the bystanders and their association with the socio-affective variables in cyberbullying, the presence of greater moral disengagement, less empathy, and a lower perception of responsibility and self-efficacy is reported, since bystanders do not see the emotional response of the victim, which interferes with their evaluation of the situation (Barlińska et al, 2018;Domínguez-Hernández et al, 2018;Knauf et al, 2018). On the other hand, there are contextual variables that affect the emergence and type of behavior displayed by bystanders in the face of cyberbullying, including degree of friendship, severity of the incident, actions of other bystanders (Domínguez-Hernández et al, 2018), and whether the situation is non-anonymous (You and Lee, 2019) or those situations that occur in private (DeSmet et al, 2014;Patterson et al, 2017). The last variable is linked to personal characteristics since adolescents with greater empathy will decide to intervene regardless of whether it is in private or in public (Wang, 2020).…”

Section: The Role Of Bystanders In Cyberbullying and Its Relationship With Personal And Contextual Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bystander Roles in Cyberbullying: A Mini-Review of Who, How Many, and Why

Polanco-Levicán

Salvo-Garrido

2021

Front. Psychol.

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Cyberbullying has progressively increased due to the massive use of the internet and social networks. Bystanders constitute the largest group, occupying a key role in the evolution of the cyberbullying situation and its consequences for the victim. Research shows different ways in which bystanders behave, suggesting different types of sub-roles associated with different study variables. The objective of this literature review is to identify and characterize the roles of bystanders in cyberbullying situations that involve adolescent students. To achieve this objective, a systematic search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles published between 2015 and 2020, resulting in 233 articles. Articles were then selected by relevant title and summary. Subsequently, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, resulting in a total of nine articles. The findings of this review allowed us to identify two to five types of bystanders, the largest type representing outsiders and the smallest type representing assistants of the aggressor. The identified types of bystanders are characterized for variables such as sex, age, previous experience, and empathy. The results are discussed considering the available theoretical and empirical evidence.

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“…Whistleblowing apps should provide an easily accessible means of reporting incidents anonymously, with a lack of anonymity also being a contributing factor to the bystander effect (Schwarz & Gottlieb, 1980;You & Lee, 2019). Finally, it is important that governments and large organisations send out the right signals about modern slavery.…”

Section: Assistance/intervention Incentivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hidden in plain sight: the bystander effect and the mobilisation of modern slavery whistleblowing

Stevenson

2021

SCM

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide new insight into the modern slavery threat and to enhance its detection in supply chains by understanding and addressing barriers to whistleblowing. A broad definition of a whistle-blower is adopted, which includes any witness internal or external to an organisation. Design/methodology/approach This is a viewpoint paper that includes using news reports and other secondary data sources on a recent modern slavery scandal in garment factories in Leicester, UK and the lens of the bystander effect from the social psychology literature. The core focus is on whistleblowing by members of the local community in which an operation or supply chain is embedded. Findings The phenomenon of modern slavery being an “open secret” within the local community is highlighted. But rather than the case being characterised by widespread whistleblowing, the problem only came into full focus when poor working conditions and forced labour during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions contributed to the spread of the virus. It is argued that overcoming this “bystander effect” can lead to the greater mobilisation of modern slavery whistleblowing. Research limitations/implications Two sets of propositions and a conceptual model are provided and seven future research suggestions are outlined, including extending the present study to whistleblowing by victims and other internal members of an organisation or supply chain. Practical implications If it can be mobilised, then whistleblowing has the potential to be an important part of detecting modern slavery, either temporarily replacing audits where they are not possible due to social distancing restrictions or directing the use of limited auditing resources to high-risk factories. In this way, combinations of practices can be effectively used to tackle the threat. Social implications This contributes to addressing an important societal problem and one of the grandest challenges facing modern-day supply chains. This, it has been argued, is an even bigger problem now than ever before given the economic and market conditions created by the COVID-19 global pandemic. Originality/value This is the first paper to focus on operationalising the practice of whistleblowing as a source of greater supply chain intelligence to aid modern slavery detection. Causes of the bystander effect include the perceived low-emergency threat of modern slavery, the high-ambiguity environment, a low bystander responsibility and low assistance/intervention incentive. Countermeasures include elevating the emergency status of modern slavery, creating a shared sense of responsibility for tackling the problem, having clear reporting channels and taking swift and consistent action when instances of modern slavery are detected.

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The bystander effect in cyberbullying on social network sites: Anonymity, group size, and intervention intentions

Cited by 37 publications

References 42 publications

Me and Others Around: The Roles of Personal and Social Norms in Chinese Adolescent Bystanders’ Responses Toward Cyberbullying

Me and Others Around: The Roles of Personal and Social Norms in Chinese Adolescent Bystanders’ Responses Toward Cyberbullying

Bystander Roles in Cyberbullying: A Mini-Review of Who, How Many, and Why

Hidden in plain sight: the bystander effect and the mobilisation of modern slavery whistleblowing

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