The Bystander Approach to Sexual Assault Risk Reduction: Effects on Risk Recognition, Perceived Self-Efficacy, and Protective Behavior

Bannon, R. Sean; Foubert, John D.

doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00057

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The best interventions would also be focused on the perpetrator side, such as through bystander interventions or prevention initiatives (Bannon & Foubert, 2017; Coker et al, 2016; Salazar, Vivolo-Kantor, Hardin, & Berkowitz, 2014; Salazar, Vivolo-Kantor, & McGroarty-Koon, 2017). The bystander model, where members of a community (such as a university campus) are trained to actively intervene in situations where interpersonal violence is occurring, are effective in changing social norms supportive of violence in some cases (Coker et al, 2011; Gidycz, Orchowski, & Berkowitz, 2011; Salazar, Vivolo-Kantor, Hardin, & Berkowitz, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and academic consequences of sexual victimisation experiences among students in a university setting

Kaufman

Tsang

Sabri

et al. 2018

Psychology & Sexuality

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The current study examines the association between multiple interpersonal violence victimization types experienced in a university setting and the consequences for each type. Students at a mid-Atlantic university (n = 3977) completed a survey in 2015 assessing attitudes, experiences, consequences of (physical, behavioural, academic, mental), and university resources and reporting procedures for sexual assault, harassment, and intimate partner violence. Effect on mental health was the most cited consequence for all victimization types. Sexual harassment was reported by the largest number of students but with smaller percentages of students reporting consequences, while the opposite was true for sexual assault and multiple forms of abuse (smaller numbers experiencing; larger percentages reporting consequences). In the adjusted models, being in an abusive/controlling relationship and sexual harassment were significantly associated with physical health consequences (ps < .001). Sexual harassment was the only predictor of substance use (p < .001). Being an undergraduate and experiencing an abusive/controlling relationship, sexual harassment, or assault were associated with sexual risk behaviour (all ps < .05). These findings point to a need for holistic approaches to helping students heal from interpersonal victimization—approaches that include mental health services, attention to increased substance use and sexual risk, and monitoring academic performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and academic consequences of sexual victimisation experiences among students in a university setting

Kaufman

Tsang

Sabri

et al. 2018

Psychology & Sexuality

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, previous research on self-protective behaviors in the face of cybervictimization has focused on adolescents and bullying; we extend this work to an age-diverse adult national sample experiencing cybervictimization. Theoretically, we expect an association between self-protective behaviors and active bystander intervention behavior, under the assumption that those who are more likely to engage in self-protective behaviors may also have a higher perceived self-efficacy for addressing threatening cybervictimization situations happening to others, but there has been very little empirical work testing these hypothesized connections (Bannon & Foubert, 2017; Banyard, 2011).…”

Section: Opportunities To Intervene and Bystander Behavior To Cybervi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybervictimization in Relation to Self and Other Protection and Response Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Look at an Age-Diverse National Sample

Langhinrichsen-Rohling,

Montanaro,

Mennicke

et al. 2024

J Interpers Violence

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This study considered whether experiencing cybervictimization is associated with increased recognition of cybervictimization intervention opportunities (i.e., witnessing others’ cybervictimization), as well as greater engagement in self-protective (e.g., changing usernames and privacy settings) and other-protective cybervictimization bystander response behaviors. We collected cross-sectional self-report data from an age-diverse ( M = 46.29 years, SD = 19.14, range = 15–93) national sample ( n = 3002). We hypothesized that: (1) personal experiences with cybervictimization would be associated with increased reports of witnessing opportunities to intervene when others are cybervictimized, greater self-reported use of active bystander behaviors in witnessed situations, and greater use of self-protective strategies; (2) We also expected that engagement in self-protective behaviors would be positively associated with engagement in other-protective bystander behaviors in response to witnessed cybervictimization. To test our hypotheses, we estimated a structural equation model wherein four latent variables were constructed: cybervictimization experienced, witnessed opportunities to intervene, engagement in self-protective behaviors, and engagement in other-protective cybervictimization bystander behaviors. As hypothesized, cybervictimization was associated with witnessing more opportunities to intervene in other’s cybervictimization, greater self-reported use of active cyber bystander behaviors, and greater engagement in self-protective strategies. However, the strength of two associations was moderated by age, with stronger relationships between cybervictimization and witnessing opportunities to intervene as well as engaging in bystander behavior for older as compared to younger participants. Contrary to hypothesis, there were no significant associations between use of self and other protective behaviors. Furthermore, greater witnessing of cybervictimization was associated with less engagement in bystander behavior in the final model. The implications for existing bystander intervention programs are described. Longitudinal studies of these associations in multiple age groups and among different cultural groups remain necessary.

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“…We also observed significant effects (P=.006) for 1 other secondary outcome: bystander behavior. Although there are various effective bystander intervention programs [57][58][59][60], to our knowledge, only 1 other program has been specific to women (The Women's Program [61]); however, bystander behaviors were not assessed in the study, and it is unclear whether the program affected bystander behavior. One critique of SV risk reduction targeting women has been that effects are limited to only those women who undergo the program and that a burden is placed on women as solely responsible for avoidance of exposure to SV [62].…”

Section: Principal Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Web-Based Sexual Violence, Alcohol Misuse, and Bystander Intervention Program for College Women (RealConsent): Randomized Controlled Trial

Salazar¹,

Schipani-McLaughlin²,

Sebeh³

et al. 2023

J Med Internet Res

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Background Sexual violence (SV) incidence among college women has been invariant for the past 20 years. Innovative prevention strategies that are low resource and technology driven but demonstrate efficacy are greatly needed. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel theoretically driven internet-based intervention for first-year college students who identify as women (RealConsent) in reducing their risk of exposure to SV and alcohol misuse as well as increasing alcohol protective and bystander behaviors. Methods This randomized controlled trial involved first-year college students who identified as women (n=881) attending 1 of 3 universities in the southeastern United States. Participants aged 18 to 20 years were randomized to RealConsent (444/881, 50.4%) or to an attention-matched placebo control (437/881, 49.6%). RealConsent is fully automated and consists of four 45-minute modules that incorporate entertainment-education media and proven behavior change techniques. The primary outcome was exposure to SV; the secondary outcomes were alcohol protective behaviors, dating risk behaviors, alcohol misuse, and bystander behavior. Study outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results Among participants with some exposure to SV, those in the RealConsent group experienced less exposure to SV than the placebo group (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.33-0.69; P=.002). Furthermore, participants in the RealConsent group engaged in more alcohol protective behaviors (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% CI 0.12-2.22; P=.03) and were less likely to binge drink (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.67-0.97; P=.003). Finally, participants in the RealConsent group who had 100% dosage were more likely to engage in bystander behavior than those with <100% dosage plus placebo group (adjusted odds ratio 1.72, 95% CI 1.17-2.55; P=.006). Conclusions A comprehensive exposure to SV, alcohol use, and bystander educational program was successful in decreasing the occurrence of exposure to SV among those most at risk and in increasing alcohol protective behaviors. Because of its web-based and mobile technologies, RealConsent can be easily disseminated and holds potential for reducing campus SV. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03726437; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03726437

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The Bystander Approach to Sexual Assault Risk Reduction: Effects on Risk Recognition, Perceived Self-Efficacy, and Protective Behavior

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Health and academic consequences of sexual victimisation experiences among students in a university setting

Health and academic consequences of sexual victimisation experiences among students in a university setting

Cybervictimization in Relation to Self and Other Protection and Response Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Look at an Age-Diverse National Sample

A Web-Based Sexual Violence, Alcohol Misuse, and Bystander Intervention Program for College Women (RealConsent): Randomized Controlled Trial

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