The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with special reference to New England

Scudder, Samuel H.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.40706

Cited by 27 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly is the most polyphagous of all Papilionidae worldwide (Scriber, 1973, 1984) and has been shown to feed successfully on dozens of species from more than 12 families (Scriber, 1986a, 1988). Historical records of Salicaceae use as a host plant by P. glaucus exist (Gosse, 1840; Edwards, 1884, 1885a,b, 1886; Scudder, 1889; Clark & Clark, 1951; McGugan, 1958; Tietz, 1972; Scott, 1986); however, most of these references relate to weeping willow and may have been the source of some subsequent literature citation duplication. In any case, most of these reports are likely in reference to P. canadensis (then believed to be a subspecies of P. glaucus ; see Scriber, 1988; Hagen et al ., 1991) or hybrids in what today has been recognized as a hybrid zone from the Great Lakes to New England (Scriber, 2010, 2011; Scriber et al ., 2003, 2008a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicaceae detoxification abilities in Florida tiger swallowtail butterflies (Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier): Novel ability or Pleistocene holdover?

Lehnert

Scriber

2011

Insect Science

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Florida populations of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L., have unique morphological features and ecological adaptations that have contributed to their subspecies status (P. g. maynardi Gauthier). We describe geographically unique abilities for detoxification of Carolina willow, Salix caroliniana Michx. (Salicaceae), for several Florida populations of P. g. maynardi. Of all the approximately 570 worldwide species of the Papilionidae, such Salicaceae detoxification abilities exist only in the allopatric North American western and northernmost species (P. rutulus Lucas, P. eurymedon Lucas and P. canadensis Rothschild & Jordan). Females of P. glaucus collected from populations in southeastern USA were examined for oviposition preference in 5‐choice assays, and displayed a low preference for Salicaceae (<5%), but larvae from Florida populations exhibited a high survival (>60%) on these plants. Detoxification abilities have previously shown to be autosomally inherited, and can be transferred via natural or hand‐paired interspecific hybrid introgression. However, these Florida populations are at least 700–1 500 km from the nearest hybrids or the hybrid species, P. appalachiensis Pavulaan & Wright, which possess these detoxification abilities. In any case, the Z ( = X)‐linked oviposition preferences for Salicaceae are lacking in these Florida populations, illustrating genetic independence of oviposition preference determination and larval survival/performance abilities. The origins of detoxification abilities are unlikely to be due to recent climate‐driven introgression, and may represent ancestral trait carry‐overs from interglacial refugium populations of the Pleistocene epoch.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicaceae detoxification abilities in Florida tiger swallowtail butterflies (Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier): Novel ability or Pleistocene holdover?

Lehnert

Scriber

2011

Insect Science

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“…The black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes Fabr., is a scarce to moderately abundant butterfly of hayfields, pastures, and other open habitats throughout eastern North America (Scudder 1889, Tyler 1975. In New York there are two broods each year.…”

Section: Natural Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In New York there are two broods each year. The larvae feed on a variety of native and introduced plant species in the family U mbelliferae (Scudder 1889, Tietz 1972, Shapiro 1974, Berenbaum 1978. Second-brood adults emerge in July and August (Scudder 1889, Lederhouse 1978Lederhouse , 1983.…”

Section: Natural Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval Growth and Survivorship of the Black Swallowtail Butterfly in Central New York

Feeny¹,

Blau²,

Kareiva³

1985

Ecological Monographs

102

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The objectives of this study were to measure larval growth and mortality rates in a butterfly population and to determine how these rates vary locally in space and time. The survivorship and growth rates of 1353 Papilio polyxenes larvae, placed on natural food plants in typical habitats, were followed during both generations of 1973 and 197 4. In each year and generation, cohorts offirstinstar larvae were set out on three commonly used host-plant species and at two elevations. Larvae reaching the fifth instar were returned to the laboratory, where the surviving pupae gave rise to 87 adults. Together with estimates of egg mortality in the field (50%) and the sex ratio of emerging adults (50/50), this result indicates that females must lay at least 60 eggs, on average, to replace themselves once in the next generation.Stage-specific mortality rates (qx) averaged 0.59, 0.33, 0.35, and 0.41 for the first four instars, respectively, approximating a Type II survivorship curve (constant mortality rate). Both the shapes of survivorship curves and the probability of reaching the fifth instar were highly variable from one treatment to another, however, providing a heterogeneous pattern of survivorship in space and time. Survivorship was greater in 1973 than in 1974, probably due to different weather conditions; it was greater at high-elevation than at low-elevation sites; and it was greater on wild carrot, Daucus carota, and on parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, than on poison hemlock, Conium maculatum. Survivorship oflarvae placed artificially did not differ from that of larvae hatching from wild-laid eggs on the same host species at the same time and place.Arthropod predators attacking larvae included spiders as well as hemipterans of the families Nabidae, Reduviidae, Coreidae, and Pentatomidae. Parasitoids emerging from larvae or pupae belonged to the families Phoridae, Tachinidae, Ichneumonidae, and Braconidae. Our results, supplemented by predator-exclusion experiments in 1977, indicate that predation is the major source of larval mortality, small (arthropod) predators having the greatest impact on younger larvae and large (vertebrate) predators the greatest impact on older stages.Larvae grew faster in 1973 than in 1974, probably because of more favorable weather in 1973. Growth was faster at low-than at high-elevation sites and markedly faster on poison hemlock than on wild carrot or parsnip.Unpredictability oflarval survivorship in space and time is likely to favor widely spaced oviposition by P. polyxenes females. Such behavior may also be favored by variability in larval growth rates, since adult emergence times may be crucial to the reproductive success of surviving male progeny.

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“…The “hairiness” of adult eyes has been widely used in lycaenid taxonomy for more than a century (cf. Eliot 1973 and included references), but adult eye-color has not been used traditionally (e.g., Godman and Salvin 1887-1901, Scudder 1889, Draudt 1919-1920, Eliot 1973). More recently, Glassberg (2001, 2005) used eye color in live individuals to differentiate the lycaenid Cyanophrys goodsoni (Clench) from other Cyanophrys species and to distinguish between the lycaenids Strymon bazochii (Godart) and Strymon cestri (Reakirt).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A butterfly with olive green eyes discovered in the United States and the Neotropics (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)

Robbins¹,

Glassberg²

2013

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We describe Ministrymon janevicroy Glassberg, sp. n., from the United States (Texas). Its wing pattern closely resembles that of the widespread and well-known lycaenid, Ministrymon azia (Hewitson). The new species is distinguished by the structure of its male and female genitalia, by the patterning of the ground color on the basal half of the ventral hindwing surface, and by the color of its eyes. Adults of Ministrymon janevicroy in nature have olive green eyes in contrast to the dark brown/black eyes of Ministrymon azia. Ministrymon janevicroy occurs in dry deciduous forest and scrub from the United States (Texas) to Costa Rica (Guanacaste) with disjunct populations on Curaçao and Isla Margarita (Venezuela). In contrast, Ministrymon azia occurs from the United States to southern Brazil and Chile in both dry and wet lowland habitats. Nomenclaturally, we remove the name Electrostrymon grumus K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993, from the synonymy of Ministrymon azia (where it had been listed as a synonym of Ministrymon hernandezi Schwartz & K. Johnson, 1992). We accord priority to Angulopis hernandezi K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993 over Electrostrymon grumus K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993, syn. n., which currently is placed in Ziegleria K. Johnson, 1993. The English name Vicroy’s Ministreak is proposed for Ministrymon janevicroy. We update biological records of dispersal and caterpillar food plants, previously attributed to Ministrymon azia, in light of the new taxonomy.

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The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with special reference to New England

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Salicaceae detoxification abilities in Florida tiger swallowtail butterflies (Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier): Novel ability or Pleistocene holdover?

Salicaceae detoxification abilities in Florida tiger swallowtail butterflies (Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier): Novel ability or Pleistocene holdover?

Larval Growth and Survivorship of the Black Swallowtail Butterfly in Central New York

A butterfly with olive green eyes discovered in the United States and the Neotropics (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)

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