The burden of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with lipid levels among adults in rural northern Ghana: An AWI-Gen sub-study

Abstract

Dyslipidaemia is a primary risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, causing over 17 million deaths globally in 2015. However, the burden of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with lipid levels remain unknown in many rural African populations. Therefore, this study evaluated the association of socio-demographic, anthropometric and behavioural factors with lipid levels in rural Ghana. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and elevated LDL-C in the total population of 1839 (846 men and 993 women) was 4.02%, 2.12%, and 5.55% respectively and did not differ between genders. The prevalence of low HDL-C levels was 60.30% and differed (p = 0.005) between men (56.86%) and women (63.24%). Subcutaneous abdominal fat was associated with TC (β = 0.067, p = 0.015) and TG (β = 0.137, p<0.001) among women and LDL-C (β = 0.139, p = 0.006) and TC (β = 0.071, p = 0.048) among men. Body mass index was associated with TC (β = 0.010, p = 0.043) among men while waist circumference was associated with LDL-C (β = 0.116, p<0.001) and TG (β = 0.094, p<0.001) among women. Hip circumference was negatively associated (β = -0.053, p = 0.043) while visceral fat was positively associated with TG (β = 0.033, p = 0.022) among women. Socioeconomic status, education, being unmarried and employment were associated with HDL-C (β = 0.081, p = 0.004), LDL-C (β = 0.095, p = 0.004) and TG (β = 0.095, p = 0.001) all among women, and TC (β = 0.070, p = 0.010) among men, respectively. Nankana women had lower TC (β = -0.069, p = 0.001), and men lower TG levels (β = -0.084, p = 0.008) than the other ethnic groups. Tobacco smoking (β = 0.066, p = 0.024) and alcohol intake (β = 0.084, p = 0.001) were associated with HDL-C levels among men and women respectively. Further studies are required to investigate whether high prevalence of low HDL-C levels in this population presents with any adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. Associations of education, employment and adiposity with lipid levels suggest that future societal advances and increases in the prevalence of obesity may lead to associated adverse health consequences. Monitoring and interventions are required to limit these effects.

Oxidised low‐density lipoprotein, a possible distinguishing lipid profile biomolecule between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

“…One study among Ghanaians that stratified data of lipid profile by age seems to suggest peak values in TC and TG for men between 45 and 49 years. Thereafter, lipid profile values seem to decline significantly although that study did not capture the 65–69 age group represented in our study (Agongo et al, ). However, based on the aforementioned, the closeness of the ages of the PCa (67 ± 10 years) and BPH (69 ± 13 years) groups in this study may not impact significantly on differences in their lipid levels.…”

<p>Self-Care Adherence And Barriers To Good Glycaemic Control In Nepalese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study</p>

“…According to the guidelines of the WHO 2008 report, waist circumference and hip circumference was measured.17 All the patients have measured their height and weight without shoes standing erect on fixed to the wall by Harpendenwall-mounted stadiometer and digital weighing machine, respectively.18 Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m 2 ) and the cut-off value was considered as 25 kg/m 2 ; higher values were considered overweight.…”

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with dyslipidemia in antiretroviral exposed HIV patients in a Ghanaian population: A case-control study

“…Based on previous report from a study conducted on the burden of dyslipidemia among adults in Ghanaian a population [32] and the lack of knowledge of the frequency of polymorphisms in the population, we assumed an expected proportion of 0.1 for exposure in HIV seropositive subjects with dyslipidemia, an assumed odds ratio of 2, a confidence interval of 95%, a power of identifying a significant difference between two groups, and 1:3 ratio, a total of 289 subjects were recruited.…”

“…The NCEP-ATP III criteria were used to defined dyslipidemia among the HIV seropositive [32]. The HIV seropositive subjects were categorized into two groups; those with dyslipidemia (cases) and without dyslipidemia (control).…”