The burden of community-managed acute respiratory infections in the first 2-years of life

Sarna, Mohinder; Ware, Robert S.; Sloots, Theo P.; Nissen, Michael D.; Grimwood, Keith; Lambert, Stephen B.

doi:10.1002/ppul.23480

Cited by 58 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Finally, the ORChID study was conducted in one major subtropical city in Australia and as often occurs with studies of this nature involved smaller, socially‐advantaged families. Nonetheless, the findings are valid and prevalence of bacterial detection agrees with cohort studies from other settings as do the rates of ARI and virus detection …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Parents used diary cards to record daily, pre‐defined respiratory symptoms, or diagnoses in a designed tick‐box format. Parents also recorded in a separate illness impact diary any health visits and antibiotic prescriptions for their child's ARI episodes . Both diaries were returned by mail each month to the research team.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An infection was an LRTI when parents reported rattly breathing, moist cough, shortness of breath, wheeze, or doctor‐diagnosed pneumonia. An infection was a URTI when parents reported nasal discharge/congestion, dry cough, or a doctor‐diagnosed otitis media …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Palmu

Ware

Lambert

et al. 2019

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Background Most respiratory bacterial carriage studies in children are based on cross‐sectional samples or longitudinal studies with infrequent sampling points. The prospective Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort study intensively evaluated the community‐based epidemiology of respiratory viruses and bacteria during the first 2‐years of life. Here we report the bacteriologic findings. Methods Pregnant women in Brisbane, Australia were recruited between September 2010 and October 2012, and their healthy newborn children were followed for the first 2‐years of life. Parents kept a daily symptom diary for the study child, collected a weekly anterior nose swab and completed an illness burden diary when their child met pre‐defined illness criteria. Specimens were tested for respiratory bacteria by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and those containing human genomic DNA, deemed as high‐quality, were analyzed. Results Altogether 8100 high‐quality nasal swab specimens from 158 enrolled children were analyzed. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae were detected in 42.4%, 38.9%, and 14.8% of these samples, respectively. Concomitant detection of bacteria was common. In contrast, Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Simkania negevensis were rarely identified. The prevalence of the three major bacteria was higher with increasing age and in the winter and spring months. Siblings and childcare attendance were the other risk factors identified. Conclusions We confirmed the feasibility of frequent nasal swabbing by parents for studying bacterial colonization. PCR detected the major respiratory tract bacteria with expected high frequencies, but atypical bacteria were found rarely in this cohort.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Palmu

Ware

Lambert

et al. 2019

Pediatric Pulmonology

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“…The Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) project (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01304914) is a community-based, longitudinal, birth cohort study of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in unselected, healthy Australian children in their first 2 years of life [20][21][22][23]. Recruitment was progressive over 2 years; participants needed to be healthy, born at term (36-42 weeks), and without congenital or underlying chronic disorders.…”

Section: Study Design and Sample Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall PeV incidence rate was 144 (95%CI, 128-161) episodes per 100 child-years. Incidence rates for the 3 major types (PeV-A types 1, 3, and 6) were 64 (95% CI, 54-75), 24 (95% CI, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], and 27 (95% CI, 21-35) episodes per 100 childyears, respectively. After the first 3 months of life, the incidence of new PeV infections rose steadily until age 8 months before plateauing and then gradually declining in the second year ( Supplementary Figure 4).…”

Section: Parechovirus a Infection Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parechovirus A Infections in Healthy Australian Children During the First 2 Years of Life: A Community-based Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study

Wang

Ware

Lambert

et al. 2019

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Background.Hospital-based studies identify parechovirus (PeV), primarily PeV-A3, as an important cause of severe infections in young children. However, few community-based studies have been published and the true PeV infection burden is unknown. We investigated PeV epidemiology in healthy children participating in a community-based, longitudinal birth cohort study.Methods. Australian children (n = 158) enrolled in the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) study were followed from birth until their second birthday. Weekly stool and nasal swabs and daily symptom diaries were collected. Swabs were tested for PeV by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and genotypes determined by subgenomic sequencing. Incidence rate, infection characteristics, clinical associations, and virus codetections were investigated.Results. PeV was detected in 1423 of 11 124 (12.8%) and 17 of 8100 (0.2%) stool and nasal swabs, respectively. Major genotypes among the 306 infection episodes identified were PeV-A1 (47.9%), PeV-A6 (20.1%), and PeV-A3 (18.3%). The incidence rate was 144 episodes (95% confidence interval, 128-160) per 100 child-years. First infections appeared at a median age of 8 (interquartile range, 6.0-11.7) months. Annual seasonal peaks changing from PeV-A1 to PeV-A3 were observed. Infection was positively associated with age ≥6 months, summer season, nonexclusive breastfeeding at age <3 months, and formal childcare attendance before age 12 months. Sole PeV infections were either asymptomatic (38.4%) or mild (32.7%), while codetection with other viruses in stool swabs was common (64.4%).Conclusions. In contrast with hospital-based studies, this study showed that diverse and dynamically changing PeV genotypes circulate in the community causing mild or subclinical infections in children.

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Effect of infection control education program on childcare educator knowledge and confidence

Roughan,

Khan,

Chor

2023

Health Prom J of Aust

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Issue AddressedChildcare educator knowledge gaps in infection control practices and outbreak management. This can contribute to the well‐reported issue of transmission of infectious diseases in childcare centres and the associated health and economic costs.MethodsA health promotion program in the form of an educational slideshow presentation with interactive question/answer component was developed and offered to all childcare centre staff in the Wide Bay region, Queensland.ResultsChildcare educators who participated in the education sessions reported a significant increase in their knowledge and confidence in outbreak management on pre‐ and post‐intervention self‐assessment.ConclusionsSimple educational programs can significantly improve the self‐assessed knowledge and confidence of childcare educators in managing infectious diseases.So What?Improving knowledge and confidence of childcare centre staff in managing basic infectious diseases can help reduce the health and economic impacts of these infections. Simple educational health promotion programs could be introduced as part of an orientation program for new staff, or refreshers for existing staff.

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The burden of community-managed acute respiratory infections in the first 2-years of life

Cited by 58 publications

References 38 publications

Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Parechovirus A Infections in Healthy Australian Children During the First 2 Years of Life: A Community-based Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study

Effect of infection control education program on childcare educator knowledge and confidence

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