The burden and risks of pediatric pneumonia in Nigeria: A desk‐based review of existing literature and data

Abstract

Background: Pneumonia is a leading killer of children under-5 years, with a high burden in Nigeria. We aimed to quantify the regional burden and risks of pediatric pneumonia in Nigeria, and specifically the states of Lagos and Jigawa.Methods: We conducted a scoping literature search for studies of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in under-5 children in Nigeria from 10th December 2018 to 26th April 2019, searching: Cochrane, PubMed, and Web of Science. We included grey literature from stakeholders' websites and information shared by organizations working in Nigeria. We conducted multivariable logistic regression using the 2016 to 2017 Multiple Cluster Indicators Survey data set to explore factors associated with pneumonia. Descriptive analyses of datasets from 2010 to 2019 was done to estimate trends in mortality, morbidity, and vaccination coverage.Results: We identified 25 relevant papers (10 from Jigawa, 8 from Lagos, and 14 national data). None included data on pneumonia or acute respiratory tract infection burden in the health system, inpatient case-fatality rates, severity, or age-specific pneumonia mortality rates at state level. Secondary data analysis found that no household or caregiver socioeconomic indicators were consistently associated with Agnese Iuliano and Zeus Aranda authors contributed equally to this study.How to cite this article: Iuliano A, Aranda Z, Colbourn T, et al.The burden and risks of pediatric pneumonia in Nigeria: A deskbased review of existing literature and data.

Prevalence of pneumonia and malnutrition among children in Jigawa state, Nigeria: a community-based clinical screening study

“…In northern Nigeria, pneumonia case numbers are typically higher in the dusty Harmattan season (particularly the cooler, drier Jan-Feb period) and in the peak of the wet season (August), 40 although data regarding this is mixed. 6 Our data reflects this pattern, with higher pneumonia numbers and incidence in January that later months ( online supplemental appendix 6 ). While we do not expect our findings to have varied substantially with a longer sampling frame, climatic and other contextual factors make our prevalence estimates more relevant to other semirural contexts in the lower Saharan region of Africa.…”

“…We found few associations between sociodemographic factors and pneumonia or malnutrition, and no association with socioeconomic factors we might be expected (eg, crowding or lower socioeconomic status)—similar to previous analysis of 2018 DHS data. 6 We did not explore maternal factors and had fewer children from the poorest compounds, so may be missing key sociodemographic relationships. An interesting finding was the association between malnutrition and subsistence farming.…”

“… 9 Indeed, when exploring demographic and social associations with pneumonia using DHS datasets in Nigeria, our findings were inconsistent and inconclusive. 6 …”

Correlation Analysis of Chaige Qinlian Decoction and Acupuncture Combined Intervention on Prognosis of Children with Pneumonia

“…Pediatric pneumonia, which often occurs in infants and young children, is caused by the physiological and anatomical characteristics of the respiratory system, namely, narrow trachea and bronchial lumen, small number of pulmonary alveoli, easy blockage by mucus, and other features of children [ 12 , 13 ], combined with the fact that the autoimmune defense system of children is not yet developed and is prone to infection and other symptoms, the disease condition will progress rapidly and critically. Conventional Western medicine has great side effects, of which antibiotics are commonly applied to treat pneumonia, but with the yearly expansion of its application range, the pathogen resistance has increased, leading to more and more unsatisfactory therapeutic effects [ 14 ].…”

Pulse oximetry and oxygen services for the care of children with pneumonia attending frontline health facilities in Lagos, Nigeria (INSPIRING-Lagos): study protocol for a mixed-methods evaluation

“…From November 2018 to June 2019, we conducted a situational analysis of paediatric pneumonia in Lagos and Jigawa states of Nigeria, to inform the design of an intervention programme to reduce paediatric mortality. We found that while protective and preventive factors, such as vaccine coverage and clean cooking fuel, were high in Lagos, care-seeking and health facility service readiness were poor 3–6. Therefore, taking an approach that targets improved quality of care for pneumonia diagnosis and treatment could achieve mortality impact.…”