The burden and correlates of hypertension in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study

Williams, Emmanuel Ato; Keenan, Kendra E.; Ansong, Daniel; Simpson, Laura Marie; Boakye, Isaac; Boaheng, Joseph Marfo; Awuah, Dominic; Nkyi, Clara; Nyannor, Isaac; Arhin, Bernard; Alder, Stephen C.; Benson, L. Scott; Dickerson, Ty

doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2013.06.015

Cited by 28 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The proportion of known hypertensives who were currently on antihypertensive treatment in our study was similar to the 64.9% reported [18] in Ghana but much higher than the 12.5% reported [7] in Cameroon. The high proportion on antihypertensives may be due to the increase in awareness of HTN and the availability and access to antihypertensive medications in Cameroon lately compared to 16 years ago [7].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The different settings and methodologies could account for this difference. However, our value was lower than 44.7% reported by Williams et al [18] in rural Ghana and 40% reported by Chow et al [19] in rural and urban high, middle, and low income countries.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…However, this value is higher than the 11% reported in rural Cameroon by Mbanya et al [7] and 22% in rural and semiurban Ghana by Williams et al [18]. This variation between rural and urban settings could be explained by poor knowledge of the disease, lesser access to health facilities, and poverty, in rural compared to urban communities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

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Hypertension, an Emerging Problem in Rural Cameroon: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Control

Arrey¹,

Dimala

Atashili

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hypertension

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Background. Despite the increasing trends suggesting that hypertension is a growing public health problem in developing countries, studies on its prevalence, associated risk factors, and extent of blood pressure control have been inequitably done in urban and rural communities in these countries. We therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and extent of blood pressure control in rural Cameroon. Methods. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in rural Cameroon (the Moliwe Health Area). Participants aged 21 years and above were recruited by a probability proportional to size multistage sampling method, using systematic sampling for household selection and random sampling for participant selection. Blood pressure, weight, and height were measured by standard methods. Hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Results. The prevalence of hypertension among the 733 participants recruited was 31.1% (95% CI: 27.8–34.6) and 71% (95% CI: 58.7–81.7) of these hypertensive patients were newly diagnosed. Only 21.2% (95% CI: 12.1–33.3) of known hypertensives had a well controlled BP. Age, obesity, low educational status, and being married were associated with HTN after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions. The high prevalence of hypertension and inadequate BP control among known hypertensives in rural Cameroon warrants greater sensitization and regular screening to reduce hypertension-related morbidity and mortality.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 83%

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Hypertension, an Emerging Problem in Rural Cameroon: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Control

Arrey¹,

Dimala

Atashili

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hypertension

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“…8 Studies conducted in SSA show that the burden of hypertension is higher than in other parts of the world. 9,10 It is also the most frequently observed CVD risk factor in both urban and rural communities in this region. 11 The estimated prevalence of hypertension in the different Kenyan ethnic groups ranges from 6% to 24%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural Kenya: evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system using the WHO STEP-wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance

Chege

2016

South African Family Practice

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Results:The mean age was 44 years and 57% were female. The distribution of BMI was: mean = 20 kg/m 2 (range 24-36); 18.5-25 kg/m 2 = 57%;< 18.5 kg/m 2 = 35%. Distribution of blood pressure levels: Normal in 40%; pre-hypertensive 40%; hypertension stages 1 and 2 was 13% and 8% respectively. Nearly all affected were unaware of their elevated blood pressure. Impaired fasting glucose was found in 4.5% while 6.5% were diabetic. Fasting serum lipid profile was normal in over 85% of the population. Conclusions: This rural population had low BMI with 92% having a BMI below 25 kg/m 2 and about 20% of them being in hypertension stage 1 and 2 and nearly all unaware of it. Despite the majority having below normal BMI, it was noted that rates of hypertension increased with increasing BMI. There was significant presence of dysglycaemia but not dyslipidaemia.

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“…The burden is not peculiar to urban areas as studies in rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa have also revealed a high rate. (21)(22)(23) Reports have shown that urban populations consistently have higher prevalence of hypertension than their rural counterparts in almost all studies that covered both area (15). This observation has been suggested to be linked with increased levels of obesity, salt and fat intake from increased consumption of processed foods, and engaging in jobs with minimal physical activity and smoking.…”

Section: P R E V a L E N C E O F H Y P E R T E N S I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa

Nkyi

2017

Afri Jour Cur Med Res

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The prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa is high and it is the main driver for cardiovascular diseases in the region. Cardiovascular diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The high prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can be attributed to rural-urban migration, high salt intake, smoking of tobacco and inadequate exercise. Awareness and control of hypertension is generally low with women having better control rates as compared to men. Untreated hypertension is associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and renal failure. The management of hypertension in the sub region is a major challenge due to financial constraints and inadequate resources. Hypertension is struggling to gain priority as a major health threat as infectious diseases like Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB) and malaria are the main focus of most public health institutions. Hypertension is largely preventable and can be easily controlled using evidence based practices such as regular exercises, decreasing salt intake, cessation of smoking and alcohol intake and the usage of antihypertensives.Non-communicable diseases such as hypertension are rapidly overtaking communicable diseases in the sub-Saharan region and pose a major health threat. There is a need to prioritize cardiovascular diseases with a focus on pragmatic prevention and control of hypertension in order to decrease the burden of the disease in the region.

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The burden and correlates of hypertension in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Hypertension, an Emerging Problem in Rural Cameroon: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Control

Hypertension, an Emerging Problem in Rural Cameroon: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Control

Multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural Kenya: evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system using the WHO STEP-wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance

Review of Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa

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