“…Indeed, most studies have been aimed at determining whether VDR polymorphisms could be involved in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT), one of the main complications in patients with CKD. Interestingly, the VDR BsmI b allele was shown to have a higher incidence in HD patients with sHPT and drive the progression toward sHPT in patients with ESRD, since BB individuals had lower levels of PTH and higher calcitriol levels than bb individuals in every stage of CKD [13,14,15,16,17]. Serum PTH levels in CKD patients were also affected by FokI polymorphism, since patients in the FF group had significantly higher PTH levels than those in both the Ff and ff groups, while no significant differences in serum levels of calcidiol or calcium were found among genotypes [18].…”