The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire: Mothers Versus Fathers of Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Seidman, Ifat; Yirmiya, Nurit; Milshtein, Shahaf; Ebstein, Richard P.; Levi, Shlomit

doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1315-9

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…These frequencies are generally consistent with other studies showing that 9% to 21% of mothers and 9% to 40% of fathers meet criteria for BAP [2,8,17]. However, our pattern of results contrasts with a recent larger study to determine BAP occurrence in ASD families and the general population [3].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…revealed that individuals with BAP traits in the social domain measured by the BAPQ display certain social cognitive deficits (for example, facial identity recognition, facial expression recognition and theory of mind) as well as general impairment in social skills as rated during actual social interactions [6]. Gender differences in the number and distribution of BAP traits (males > females) have also been reported using interview and questionnaire assessments of BAP [7,8]. Specifically, in ASD families, the aloof phenotype occurs more frequently in fathers, whereas mothers demonstrate more rigidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most relevant studies to date examined correlations between children’s scores on the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and their parent’s BAPQ scores, and found differing results [8,9]. Seidman et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…found no relationship between SCQ and parental BAPQ scores, whereas Sasson et al . demonstrated that probands had increased SCQ scores when their parents met criteria for BAP [8,9]. Similarly, Klusek et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The broad autism phenotype predicts child functioning in autism spectrum disorders

Maxwell

Parish‐Morris

Hsin

et al. 2013

J Neurodevelop Disord

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BackgroundBroad autism phenotype (BAP) is a milder expression of the social and communication impairments seen in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While prior studies characterized the BAP in unaffected family members of probands with ASD, the relationship between parental BAP traits and proband symptomatology remains poorly understood. This study utilizes the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) in parents and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) in children to examine this connection. We hypothesized that in families affected by ASD, elevated maternal and paternal BAPQ scores would correlate with greater autism symptomatology in diagnosed children. In an extension of prior research, we also explored this relationship in families with typically developing children (TDC).MethodsTwo hundred and forty-five children with ASD, 129 TDC and all parents were recruited as part of a larger study investigating relationships between genes, brain and behavior. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and expert clinical judgment confirmed ASD diagnoses in children. SRS was collected for all children. Parents completed a self-report BAPQ and an informant report BAPQ for their spouse; an average of self-report and informant report for each parent was used in all analyses.ResultsMothers and fathers of children with ASD had significantly higher rates of BAP traits as compared to parents of TDC. Maternal and paternal BAPQ total scores were not correlated with child IQ in either group. In the ASD group, 10% of mothers and 21% of fathers scored above the established BAP threshold compared to 4% of TDC parents. Crude regression analyses showed that maternal and paternal BAPQ total scores accounted for significant variance in child SRS scores in both ASD (17.1%) and TDC (19.8%) families.ConclusionsOur results suggest that broad autism symptomatology in parents is moderately associated with their child’s autism symptomatology. This result extended to TDC families, suggesting that the BAPQ and SRS capture subtle, subclinical social variation in both children and adults. These findings could help define multi-generational social impairments in future phenotypic and genetic studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The broad autism phenotype predicts child functioning in autism spectrum disorders

Maxwell

Parish‐Morris

Hsin

et al. 2013

J Neurodevelop Disord

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“…These personality traits may also be related to performance on cognitive BAP measures (see Losh et al 2009) as well as the core behavioural domains of autism. A recent study by Seidman et al (2011) reported sex differences in personality traits in fathers and mothers of children with autism. Using the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire, fathers were rated by their respective partners as more 'aloof' than mothers, whilst mothers were rated by their respective partners as more 'rigid' than fathers.…”

Section: Personality Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autistic Traits Below the Clinical Threshold: Re-examining the Broader Autism Phenotype in the 21st Century

2011

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Diagnosis, intervention and support for people with autism can be assisted by research into the aetiology of the condition. Twin and family studies indicate that autism spectrum conditions are highly heritable; genetic relatives of people with autism often show milder expression of traits characteristic for autism, referred to as the Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). In the past decade, advances in the biological and behavioural sciences have facilitated a more thorough examination of the BAP from multiple levels of analysis. Here, the candidate phenotypic traits delineating the BAP are summarised, including key findings from neuroimaging studies examining the neural substrates of the BAP. We conclude by reviewing the value of further research into the BAP, with an emphasis on deriving heritable endophenotypes which will reliably index autism susceptibility and offer neurodevelopmental mechanisms that bridge the gap between genes and a clinical autism diagnosis.

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The Broader Autism Phenotype

Ingersoll

Wainer

2014

Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Fourth Edition

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The broader autism phenotype (BAP) has been conceptualized as a constellation of subclinical traits that parallel the deficits observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The BAP is thought to represent an intermediate phenotype that is more frequently observed in family members of individuals with ASD. This chapter discusses methodological issues in the assessment of the BAP and describes the domains thought to characterize the BAP in family members and in the general population. It also provides a brief discussion of the etiological significance of the BAP.

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The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire: Mothers Versus Fathers of Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Cited by 41 publications

References 43 publications

The broad autism phenotype predicts child functioning in autism spectrum disorders

The broad autism phenotype predicts child functioning in autism spectrum disorders

Autistic Traits Below the Clinical Threshold: Re-examining the Broader Autism Phenotype in the 21st Century

The Broader Autism Phenotype

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