The British Press and Opposition to Lord Salisbury's Ultimatum of January 1890

Beyond Nation and Empire? Questioning the Role of Religious Missions under Portuguese Colonial Rule at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

“…Portuguese governments' replies to these accusations always derived from the possible (not always imagined, but often exacerbated) threats that foreign missionaries posed to the political and social order in the colonies. With the apparent advantages brought by Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Portugal could circumvent the conditions outlined in Berlin, Brussels and, perhaps, in the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891, the agreement that settled the inter-imperial crisis of the British Ultimatum of 1890 (Teixeira 1990;Coelho 2006;Howes 2007).…”

Becoming an Agricultural Growth Corridor

“…In Mozambique, the notion of corridors, to the extent we can trace it, arose alongside Rhodes' dispute and the Rose-coloured map, contested between Britain and Portugal. During the mid-1880s Portugal sought to link its two colonies in Angola and Mozambique by way of an inland corridor (Birmingham 1999, Howes 2007, Nowell 1982. This ambition led to arguments with Germany and Britain over prospective boundaries, as Cecil Rhodes' efforts to expand his influence to what is today Zambia -along with massive pressure being exerted by the British government in London -forced Portuguese King Carlos to renounce any claims beyond Angola and Mozambique (Carneiro et al 2000, Galbraith 1973, Nowell 1982.…”

“…This ambition led to arguments with Germany and Britain over prospective boundaries, as Cecil Rhodes' efforts to expand his influence to what is today Zambia -along with massive pressure being exerted by the British government in London -forced Portuguese King Carlos to renounce any claims beyond Angola and Mozambique (Carneiro et al 2000, Galbraith 1973, Nowell 1982. The final settlement, reached after the British ultimatum of 1890 resulted in Portuguese inland expansion but also deprived Rhodes of his personal African empire made access to the Indian Ocean through corridors (Birmingham 1999, Carneiro et al 2000, Howes 2007). On reflection, it is possible that the early colonial preoccupation with corridors may be attributed to Rhodes, whose influence on the territory of Mozambique during the colonial era was considerable, and who imagined a British Cape to Cairo corridor at the expense of Portuguese territorial ambitions (Galbraith 1973, Nowell 1982.…”