The Britain-China-India Trade Triangle (1771-1840)

Chung, Tan

doi:10.1177/001946467401100402

Cited by 35 publications

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“…As a proportion of total Bengal revenues, the revenue from opium is estimated to have accounted for 5.2 percent in 1792, 7 percent in 1812, 10 percent in 1822 and as much as 20 percent in 1842. 28 Another important consideration was that the Company's direct involvement in the opium business put it in a position to encourage and facilitate the export of increasing quantities of Bihar opium to China. For one thing, this stopped the drain on specie from Bengal to China to pay for the tea procured there for the European market.…”

Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a paper published in 1974, Tan Chung suggested that if one equated the Company sales in Calcutta with average annual output, the figures one got were 1,400 chests in the early 1770s, 4,186 chests at the close of the eighteenth century and 15,081 chests during the decade of 1831-1840. 30 But other evidence suggests the distinct possibility of these figures not being entirely reliable. We have already noted above that as early as 1688, the Dutch factors had placed the figure of the average annual output of opium at 4,350 chests.…”

Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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IV. Opium Monopoly in India and Indonesia in the Eighteenth Century

Prakash

1988

Itinerario

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The dominant theme in the historical literature on agricultural production for export is the fast-expanding demand by Europe in the course of the industrialisation during the nineteenth century of agricultural goods originating in Asia, Africa as well as the Regions of Recent Settlement. In a large number of cases, the growing supplies of agricultural export were put together through recourse to the plantation system. The colonial governments often played an important, and sometimes a decisive, role in the rise and the smooth functioning of this system. This could be in the form of liberal land grants, the delegation of coercive authority to the management over the labour supply and so on. The direct, including entrepreneurial, role of the government was often evident also in arrangements which were not of the usual plantation variety, but which operated on the basis of accommodation, and indeed integration, with the existing organisation of traditional peasant agriculture. An outstanding example of this is the well-known Cultivation System introduced by Governor-General Johannes van den Bosch in Dutch Indonesia in the 1830s. The common theme that cuts across the bulk of the great diversity of arrangements of the use of coercive power by the colonial state in a variety of ways and often in fairly liberal doses.

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Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

IV. Opium Monopoly in India and Indonesia in the Eighteenth Century

Prakash

1988

Itinerario

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“…By 1772–1774, however, 52.6% of Britain’s trade was with Asia, Africa and the Americas (Davis, 1962b, p. 292). By the 1770s, Britain was purchasing one-third of Chinese tea exports, rising to 80% by 1801 (Chung, 1974, p. 412). Rarely, however, did Britain engage in direct purchases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overseas management in the English East India Company: a study of the Tonkin factory (1672-1697)

Tran

Dinh

Nguyen

et al. 2022

JMH

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate “corporate governance” of the English East India Company (EIC) in the late 17th century through a case study of the Tonkin factory (1672–1697). Design/methodology/approach The paper draws upon British primary materials relating to the Tonkin factory to examine and analyze the EIC’s style of management in Tonkin (Vietnam) and Bantam (Java). Qualitative and comparative methods are applied to the analysis of reports, records and letters written by EIC staff. Findings The paper finds that the EIC faced principal-agent problems as it had difficulties administering its distant agents and subsidiaries in the 17th century. London was strategically weakened, both by the limiting power of regional headquarters and by its use of experienced factors. Before 1682, London failed to temper the Bantam Council’s influence, and there were serious internal conflicts and power struggles between English Tonkin employees seeking to improve their positions. After 1686, London successfully forced Madras to adopt a noninterventionist stance in Tonkin’s business, but it faced the problem of “adverse selection.” Originality/value This paper provides evidence from the Tonkin factory (1672–1697) to show the EIC’s governance in the perspective of the agency theory.

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Die Entstehung der Kronkolonie Hong Kong

Farny¹

1997

Die Rückgabe Hong Kongs an Die VR China

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The Britain-China-India Trade Triangle (1771-1840)

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

IV. Opium Monopoly in India and Indonesia in the Eighteenth Century

IV. Opium Monopoly in India and Indonesia in the Eighteenth Century

Overseas management in the English East India Company: a study of the Tonkin factory (1672-1697)

Die Entstehung der Kronkolonie Hong Kong

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