The Brinell Method for Determining Hardness of Wood Flooring Materials

Sydor, Maciej; Pinkowski, Grzegorz; Jasińska, A.

doi:10.3390/f11080878

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As for the values of FD and ID in E. grandis, due to its lower density, significant differences versus the rest of the hardwood species were observed in SW and EWF 3.0 mm floorings, but, in the EWF with a 0.6 mm top layer, the ID variable did not show significant differences with the rest of the species. Similar conclusions were reached by other researchers [43,44], although from the comparison of different hardwood species with similar density ratios. This fast-growing species, currently destined for uses with little added value, may thus be valorized as an oak replacement in veneer floorings.…”

Section: Final Remarkssupporting

confidence: 91%

Modeling of Falling Ball Impact Test Response on Solid, Veneer, and Traditional Engineered Wood Floorings of Several Hardwoods

Sepliarsky¹,

Rello

Balmori

et al. 2022

Forests

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Hardness is a key mechanical property of flooring materials. In this study, the performance of veneer floorings (with a top layer thickness of 0.6 mm) was investigated by dynamic hardness tests, comparing it with those of traditional engineered wood floorings (with a top layer thickness of 3 mm) and solid wood floorings. Two hardwoods commonly used on wood flooring, viz. Quercus robur L. and Hymenaea courbaril L., and two fast-growing hardwoods, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, were tested as top layers. To compare their usage properties, a dynamic impact hardness test involving steel balls with three diameters and five different drop heights was carried out, measuring the footprint diameter (FD) and the indentation depth (ID). The data from 4800 impacts, corresponding to 180 different individual groups (4 hardwood species × 3 ball diameters × 5 drop heights × 3 floor types) were analyzed. The results showed that the general response in terms of both FD and ID was better in the engineered wood floorings than in solid wood floorings, and that the veneer floorings (0.6 mm) showed better behavior than traditional engineered wood floorings (3.0 mm). Furthermore, for the veneer floorings, the two fast-growing hardwood species tested, which have significantly different densities, showed similar behavior to traditional hardwoods, suggesting that they would be suitable for valorization in the wood flooring industry.

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Section: Final Remarkssupporting

confidence: 91%

Modeling of Falling Ball Impact Test Response on Solid, Veneer, and Traditional Engineered Wood Floorings of Several Hardwoods

Sepliarsky¹,

Rello

Balmori

et al. 2022

Forests

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“…The graph in Figure 12 shows the average sanding times with belts of different grit numbers in the individual sample sets. The graph also shows the Brinell hardness of individual wood species (the macro-hardness determination method was selected from two common hardness measurement methods [30]). The average sanding times for sample sets of two wood species are interesting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of Machine Sanding of Wood

et al. 2021

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We hypothesized that the type of wood, in combination with the grit size of sandpapers, would affect sanding efficiency. Fixed factors were used in the experiment (a belt sander with pressure p = 3828 Pa, and a belt speed of vs = 14.5 m/s) as well as variable factors (three sand belts (P60, P120, P180), six hardwood species (beech, oak, ash, hornbeam, alder, walnut) and three softwood species (pine, spruce, larch)). The masses of the test samples were measured until they were completely sanded. The sanding efficiency of hardwood species is less variable than for softwood species. Maximum sanding efficiency for the softwood ranged from 1 to 2 min, while for the hardwood species, it ranged from 2 to 4.5 min at the start of sanding and then decreased. The average time for complete sanding of the softwood samples was: 87 s (P60), 150 s (P120), and 188 s (P180). For hardwood, these times were 2.4, 1.5, and 1.8 times longer. The results indicate that the factors determining sanding efficiency are the type of wood, and, secondly, the grit size of sanding belts. In the first phase of blunting with the sanding belts, the sanding processes of hardwood and softwood are significantly different. In the second phase of blunting, sanding belts with higher grit numbers (P120 and P180) behaved similarly while sanding hardwood and softwood.

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“…Scots pine wood has a relatively low hardness (HB 13 to 50 MPa), and its great diversity results from the high cyclical heterogeneity of the structure of early and latewood (Kollmann and Côté 1968;Holmberg 2000;Sydor et al 2020a). Differences in the hardness of pinewood negatively affect the results of measuring dimensions with typical measuring devices.…”

Section: Plug Gauge Fitting Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective diameters of drilled holes in pinewood in response to changes in relative humidity

Sydor

Majka

Langová

2021

BioRes

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Wood swelling and shrinkage affect the cooperation among the elements of furniture and should be considered during design. This study investigated the influence of moisture changes to the effective diameter of holes drilled in narrow and in wide sides of pine blanks. The moisture content (MC) of all samples has been averaged to 11.3-11.8% (air-conditioning for 4 month with RH = 60 ± 1% and t = 20 ± 1 °C). The 12 mm holes were drilled in radial and tangential directions of the samples. The MC in half of the samples was increased to 17.4-17.9% (air-conditioning for 6 months with RH = 85% and t = 20 ± 1 °C), and the MC in the second half of the samples was decreased to 8.2% (air-conditioning for six months with RH = 35% and t = 20 ± 1 °C). There were nonuniform changes in MC of the samples. Air with RH = 85% increased the MC by 6%, air with RH = 35% decreased the MC by 3%. The effective diameters of the holes were more sensitive to a decrease in air RH than to an increase the air RH. The swelling changes of wood significantly reduced the effective hole diameter, while adsorption shrinkage changes in wood only slightly increased the effective diameters of the holes. The pine blanks swell and shrink asymmetrically, but the changes in the effective diameter of the holes are not correlated with these phenomena. They also have a different form for holes drilled in radial and tangential directions.

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The Brinell Method for Determining Hardness of Wood Flooring Materials

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Modeling of Falling Ball Impact Test Response on Solid, Veneer, and Traditional Engineered Wood Floorings of Several Hardwoods

Modeling of Falling Ball Impact Test Response on Solid, Veneer, and Traditional Engineered Wood Floorings of Several Hardwoods

Efficiency of Machine Sanding of Wood

Effective diameters of drilled holes in pinewood in response to changes in relative humidity

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