The brainstem respiratory network: An overview of a half century of research

Bianchi, A.L.; Gestreau, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.019

Cited by 66 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Some coordinated behaviors depend on conscious learning; others are hard-wired in brainstem or spinal cord mechanisms. As emphasized by Bianchi and Gestreau (27), Central pattern generators (CPGs) and other operating networks that govern nonrespiratory behaviors may interact with the CPG for breathing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One is an extreme view of a pluripotential development from an initially undifferentiated brain, and the other is completely deterministic. Naturally, the true state of affairs reflects some combination of these views (27,38). This tension between genetic and developmental determinism and connectivity has played out in the respiratory system as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coordination of Breathing with Nonrespiratory Activities

Bartlett¹,

Leiter²

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

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Many articles in this section of Comprehensive Physiology are concerned with the development and function of a central pattern generator (CPG) for the control of breathing in vertebrate animals. The action of the respiratory CPG is extensively modified by cortical and other descending influences as well as by feedback from peripheral sensory systems. The central nervous system also incorporates other CPGs, which orchestrate a wide variety of discrete and repetitive, voluntary and involuntary movements. The coordination of breathing with these other activities requires interaction and coordination between the respiratory CPG and those governing the nonrespiratory activities. Most of these interactions are complex and poorly understood. They seem to involve both conventional synaptic crosstalk between groups of neurons and fluid identity of neurons as belonging to one CPG or another: neurons that normally participate in breathing may be temporarily borrowed or hijacked by a competing or interrupting activity. This review explores the control of breathing as it is influenced by many activities that are generally considered to be nonrespiratory. The mechanistic detail varies greatly among topics, reflecting the wide variety of pertinent experiments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordination of Breathing with Nonrespiratory Activities

Bartlett¹,

Leiter²

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

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“…1 Intracellular recordings and brain slice preparations under reduced experimental conditions have provided important insights. During the late gestational and early neonatal stages, the medullary compartments in the pre-Bötzinger complex and parafacial respiratory group are believed to be responsible for rhythmogenisis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Apnea of prematurity: pathogenesis and management strategies

Mathew

2010

J Perinatol

105

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Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a significant clinical problem manifested by an unstable respiratory rhythm reflecting the immaturity of respiratory control systems. This review will address the pathogenesis of and treatment strategies for AOP. Although the neuronal mechanisms leading to apnea are still not well understood, recent decades have provided better insight into the generation of the respiratory rhythm and its modulation in the neonate. Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercarbia are impaired and inhibitory reflexes are exaggerated in the neonate. These unique vulnerabilities predispose the neonate to the development of apnea. Treatment strategies attempt to stabilize the respiratory rhythm. Caffeine remains the primary pharmacological treatment modality and is presumed to work through blockade of adenosine receptors A 1 and A 2 . Recent evidences suggest that A 2A receptors may have a greater role than previously thought. AOP typically resolves with maturation suggesting increased myelination of the brainstem.

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“…This disparity reflects the distinction between the brief quiescent pauses within the breath cycle (and likely accompanied by some continued respiratory motor activity (Bautista and Dutschmann, 2016)) identified in this study; and true central apnoeic pauses. While it is likely that these longer central apnoeic pauses in neonates are related to immaturity of the respiratory network, it remains unclear whether they are primarily driven by chemo-reflex respiratory control instability (Edwards et al, 2013); or whether mechanisms underlying continuous respiratory rhythm generation also contribute (Bianchi and Gestreau, 2009). …”

Section: The Inter-breath Transition Period and The Relationship Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between partial upper-airway obstruction and inter-breath transition period during sleep

Mann

Edwards

Joosten

et al. 2017

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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I., The relationship between partial upper-airway obstruction and inter-breath transition period during sleep.Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.resp.2017.06.006 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights• Short pauses (transition periods) between breaths are often observed during sleep.• We hypothesized that the transition period reduces as inspiratory period increases.• Unobstructed breathing and events with partial airway obstruction were identified.• We observed an increase in the inspiratory period during upper airway obstruction.• A reduction in the transition period rather than the expiratory period was observed.3 AbstractShort pauses or "transition-periods" at the end of expiration and prior to subsequent inspiration are commonly observed during sleep in humans. However, the role of transition periods in regulating ventilation during physiological challenges such as partial airway obstruction (PAO) has not been investigated. Twenty-nine obstructive sleep apnea patients and eight controls underwent overnight polysomnography with an epiglottic catheter. Sustained-PAO segments (increased epiglottic pressure over ≥5 breaths without increased peak inspiratory flow) and unobstructed reference segments were manually scored during apnea-free non-REM sleep. Nasal pressure data was computationally segmented into inspiratory (TI, shortest period achieving 95% inspiratory volume), expiratory (TE, shortest period achieving 95% expiratory volume), and inter-breath transition period (TTrans, period between TE and subsequent TI). Compared with reference segments, sustained-PAO segments had a mean relative reduction in TTrans (−24.7±17.6%, P<0.001), elevated TI (11.8±10.5%, P<0.001), and a small reduction in TE (−3.9±8.0, P≤0.05). Compensatory increases in inspiratory period during PAO are primarily explained by reduced transition period and not by reduced expiratory period.

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The brainstem respiratory network: An overview of a half century of research

Cited by 66 publications

References 91 publications

Coordination of Breathing with Nonrespiratory Activities

Coordination of Breathing with Nonrespiratory Activities

Apnea of prematurity: pathogenesis and management strategies

The relationship between partial upper-airway obstruction and inter-breath transition period during sleep

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